Baghuba camp: Difference between revisions
No edit summary |
|||
| (3 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) | |||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
'''One of the detention camps of Iranian prisoners in Iraq''' | '''One of the detention camps of Iranian prisoners in Iraq''' | ||
Baghuba camp 18 was one of the camps for the unregistered Iranian prisoners, which was established in 1988 in one of the eastern provinces of Iraq, called Diyali, centered in the city of Baghuba, and in a military garrison called Al-Abbas. This camp was located 59 kilometers away from Baghdad and had an area of about 17 thousand kilometers and was surrounded by barbed wire<ref name=":0">Khaji, Ali (1391). Description of the cage. Tehran: Payam Azadegan.</ref>. In terms of climate, Baghuba camp was located in a hot and dry region, where the summers were extremely hot and the winters were cold and bone-chilling. | Baghuba camp 18 was one of the camps for the unregistered Iranian prisoners, which was established in 1988 in one of the eastern provinces of Iraq, called Diyali, centered in the city of Baghuba, and in a military garrison called Al-Abbas. This camp was located 59 kilometers away from Baghdad and had an area of about 17 thousand kilometers and was surrounded by barbed wire<ref name=":0">Khaji, Ali (1391). Description of the cage. Tehran: [https://www.mfpa.ir Payam Azadegan].</ref>. In terms of climate, Baghuba camp was located in a hot and dry region, where the summers were extremely hot and the winters were cold and bone-chilling. | ||
== Geographical and architectural characteristics == | == Geographical and architectural characteristics == | ||
This camp consisted of three main blocs one annex, and the castle, between which there was barbed wire preventing the prisoners from moving within them. The camp was surrounded by first a series of concrete walls and then a series of circular barbed wire. Their distance from the wall was about 8 meters and the approximate width of the barbed wire was 6 meters<ref name=":0" />. There were five | This camp consisted of three main blocs one annex, and the castle, between which there was barbed wire preventing the prisoners from moving within them. The camp was surrounded by first a series of concrete walls and then a series of circular barbed wire. Their distance from the wall was about 8 meters and the approximate width of the barbed wire was 6 meters<ref name=":0" />. There were five barracks in this camp, three of which were big and the other two were small. Large barracks accommodated 1100 captives and small barracks accommodated around 500 to 600 people.<ref name=":1">Sattari, Bahman (2015). interview</ref> | ||
== The main blocs == | ==== The main blocs ==== | ||
Shortly after the arrival of Iranian prisoners at this camp, they were placed in the courtyard of the asylum. The | Shortly after the arrival of Iranian prisoners at this camp, they were placed in the courtyard of the asylum. The barracks had approximate dimensions of 100 x 30 x 10 meters. Two other barracks were located near this place, after a few months and their reconstruction, a number of prisoners was transferred to this new place and the congestion of the barracks was reduced. These two new barracks were smaller than the previous ones<ref>Ashurian, Mehrdad and Rostami, Morteza (1373). The camp of the Unregistered. Tehran: Hozha Haneri, p. 12-16).</ref>. This barrack was a place to keep tanks and armored personnel carriers, and as a result, it did not have the necessary facilities to keep prisoners, and all the prisoners were barefoot and not even provided with slippers. Each barrack had two large garage-like doors; so that heavy vehicles such as trailers or tanks could easily pass through them. These sliding metal doors were placed across the barrack. The roof of the barrack was gabled and covered with plates similar to old shutters.<ref name=":0" /> | ||
== Annex == | ==== Annex ==== | ||
This part consisted of three wards and each ward had three | This part consisted of three wards and each ward had three barracks (9 barracks in total). The annex was newly built and clean and tidy compared to other parts. Its building was concrete and its exterior was covered with bricks. The total number of captives residing in this area was nearly 600 ; There was also one parasol in front of all the barracks.<ref name=":0" /> | ||
== Castle == | ==== Castle ==== | ||
The third part was called the castle. The castle was a brick building with high walls that were about 4 meters high and thick. The length of this building was about 75 square meters and its width was 4 square meters. This part had 24 rooms of different dimensions, which were arranged in a circle, and the area in the middle of these rooms was the camp yard; So people could only see the sky. The rooms were placed about 10 cm above the ground<ref name=":0" /><ref>Najafi, Abdul Majid (1388). Malakut garden Tehran: Surah Mehr, p. 247.</ref>. In front of the rooms, there was a one-meter porch. There was also a field in the space between the | The third part was called the castle. The castle was a brick building with high walls that were about 4 meters high and thick. The length of this building was about 75 square meters and its width was 4 square meters. This part had 24 rooms of different dimensions, which were arranged in a circle, and the area in the middle of these rooms was the camp yard; So people could only see the sky. The rooms were placed about 10 cm above the ground<ref name=":0" /><ref>Najafi, Abdul Majid (1388). Malakut garden Tehran: Surah Mehr, p. 247.</ref>. In front of the rooms, there was a one-meter porch. There was also a field in the space between the barracks where the prisoners played football . This part of the camp, which housed the least population, had very difficult conditions and unlike the other two parts, it was a place where captives were punished and tortured. On the average 300-400 prisoners lived in this camp. | ||
== Camp facilities == | == Camp facilities == | ||
The main | The main barrack did not have windows, ceilinged fans and ventilators for ventilation. The walls were also metal; Therefore, in order to ventilate the main barracks, the prisoners left the large entrance doors open, while each adjoining barrack had 5 or 6 windows that were located on one side and facing the camp area<ref name=":0" />. Since this was a military camp, its floor was made of concrete, and the prisoners used the blankets provided to them to furnish it.<ref name=":0" /> The kitchen was located on the left side of barrack 5 and the food of all parts of the camp was prepared there by the Iranian prisoners. The kitchen was also in the form of pre-fabricated barracks, without windows and with three roof doors or hatches, slope and like the roof of barracks<ref name=":0" />. | ||
Shortly after the arrival of the prisoners, there was no toilet in the asylum; Therefore, prisoners were forced to use a part of the asylum as WC. Of course, each | Shortly after the arrival of the prisoners, there was no toilet in the asylum; Therefore, prisoners were forced to use a part of the asylum as WC. Of course, each barrack had 5-6 separate toilets outside. The lack of [[water]] in the bathrooms was common and some of the them did not even have doors and blankets were used as a makeshift. <ref name=":1" />In front of the path that separated barracks 1, 2, 3 from 4 and 5, the toilets of barrack 1 And 2 were located. The distance between barracks 1, 2, and 3 was approximately 20 meters and the distance between barracks 4 and 5 was approximately 50 meters. Of course, there was a separate toilet for each ward of the annex. The walls were made of white cement and were healthier than other toilets in the previous barracks<ref>Rahmanian, Abdul Majeed (2008). No breathing. Tehran: [https://www.mfpa.ir Payam Azadegan], p. 210.</ref>. Also, separate toilets were built in the castle , which were located in the southern part of the castle and next to the rooms. Each barrack had three or four bathrooms of one meter by one meter. The bathroom was located on the southern side next to the barrack and did not have a shower. Hot water was not available to the prisoners. To take a bath, prisoners took turns, and for this, they exposed a bucket of water to the sunlight to warm it up<ref name=":1" />. ([[Toilet]]) | ||
The sanitary conditions in the camp of the unregistered captives were very bad. The whole camp was infested with lice. The lack of medical facilities led to the outbreak of scabies, dysentery and tuberculosis, which could not be treated seriously. Of course, there was a room called infirmary in the camp area past the guard room and between the annex and the castle, which had very limited medical facilities. The infirmary was run by one of the Iranian prisoners who was a clinic technician. In addition to the four guard turrets, which were located at the corners of the camp, and the ring-shaped barbed wire around the camp, there was also a guard room at the beginning of the entrance and to the left of the main door. . Of course, in the castle, the guard room was located at its entrance . | The sanitary conditions in the camp of the unregistered captives were very bad. The whole camp was infested with lice. The lack of medical facilities led to the outbreak of scabies, dysentery and tuberculosis, which could not be treated seriously. Of course, there was a room called infirmary in the camp area past the guard room and between the annex and the castle, which had very limited medical facilities. The infirmary was run by one of the Iranian prisoners who was a clinic technician. In addition to the four guard turrets, which were located at the corners of the camp, and the ring-shaped barbed wire around the camp, there was also a guard room at the beginning of the entrance and to the left of the main door. . Of course, in the castle, the guard room was located at its entrance . | ||
Baghuba camp 18 was one of the camps of the unregistered captives, and because of this, was devoid of a series of facilities, including barbershop, library, tailor's workshop and store<ref name=":1" />. There was no drinking water in this camp, and the prisoners carried water with them in aluminum glasses, which were provided to them, and since there was no bucket in the | Baghuba camp 18 was one of the camps of the unregistered captives, and because of this, was devoid of a series of facilities, including barbershop, library, tailor's workshop and store<ref name=":1" />. There was no drinking water in this camp, and the prisoners carried water with them in aluminum glasses, which were provided to them, and since there was no bucket in the barrack to dispose of their defecation, they had to use these glasses as a container in case of emergency. They had to use the glasses for defecation, and they had to wash the same glasses so that in the morning they could drink water or tea in them. (→ Baghuba camp facilities) | ||
== History and dwellers of Baghuba camp 18 == | == History and dwellers of Baghuba camp 18 == | ||
Baquba 18 was one of the last camps for Iranian prisoners in Iraq, which was formed following the transfer of prisoners from Camp 17 (Nahravan) in 1988. In the following months, a number of prisoners living in Takrit camps such as 15 (Tikrit Camp 15), 14 (Tikrit Camp 14), 12 (Tikrit Camp 12), 11 (Tikrit Camp 11) and 16( Tikrit camp 16), was transferred to this camp, most of whom were army prisoners or soldiers<ref>Akbari, Rahmatullah (1383). gazelle wound Tehran: Rasansh Publishing House, pp. 24-7.</ref>. | Baquba 18 was one of the last camps for Iranian prisoners in Iraq, which was formed following the transfer of prisoners from Camp 17 (Nahravan) in 1988. In the following months, a number of prisoners living in Takrit camps such as 15 (Tikrit Camp 15), 14 (Tikrit Camp 14), 12 (Tikrit Camp 12), 11 (Tikrit Camp 11) and 16( Tikrit camp 16), was transferred to this camp, most of whom were army prisoners or soldiers<ref>Akbari, Rahmatullah (1383). gazelle wound Tehran: Rasansh Publishing House, pp. 24-7.</ref>. | ||
Of course, there were 5-6 religious minorities among the army prisoners<ref name=":1" />. On October 6<sup>th</sup> 1989, a number of prisoners from Camp 11 (Takrit Camp 11) was transferred to this camp. | Of course, there were 5-6 religious minorities among the army prisoners<ref name=":1" />. On October 6<sup>th</sup> 1989, a number of prisoners from Camp 11 ([[Takrit camp 11|Takrit Camp 11]]) was transferred to this camp. | ||
On August 5<sup>th</sup> 1989, they evacuated the annex of Camp 16 (Takrit Camp 16) and the resident prisoners were divided into two groups and most of the patients with scabies were transferred to Camp 18 (Takrit Camp 18) and 20 (Takrit Camp 20). ; Also, the prisoners of Camp 12 (Takrit Camp 12) were transferred to Camp 18 (Takrit Camp 18) on two occasions the first on September 8<sup>th</sup> and 16<sup>th</sup> 1989 and the second on October 15<sup>th</sup> 1989. | On August 5<sup>th</sup> 1989, they evacuated the annex of Camp 16 ([[Takrit camp 16|Takrit Camp 16]]) and the resident prisoners were divided into two groups and most of the patients with scabies were transferred to Camp 18 (Takrit Camp 18) and 20 ([[Takrit Camp 20]]). ; Also, the prisoners of Camp 12 ([[Takrit camp 12|Takrit Camp 12]]) were transferred to Camp 18 (Takrit Camp 18) on two occasions the first on September 8<sup>th</sup> and 16<sup>th</sup> 1989 and the second on October 15<sup>th</sup> 1989. | ||
The exact number of prisoners living in this camp is not available, but the report of the Red Cross indicates that in August 1990 and at the time of the exchange of prisoners, there were about 5250 Iranian prisoners, which was 13.4% of all Iranian prisoners, and It was considered one of the most populated camps after all<ref name=":0" /> (→ Baghuba camp chronology). | The exact number of prisoners living in this camp is not available, but the report of the Red Cross indicates that in August 1990 and at the time of the exchange of prisoners, there were about 5250 Iranian prisoners, which was 13.4% of all Iranian prisoners, and It was considered one of the most populated camps after all<ref name=":0" /> (→ Baghuba camp chronology). | ||
== Important events == | == Important events == | ||
After the [[death of Imam Khomeini]] (RIP), Iraqi officers went to the | After the [[death of Imam Khomeini]] (RIP), Iraqi officers went to the barrack and tried to get the prisoners to start celebrating and enjoying themselves. But the prisoners stood put. In the evening, the officers returned to the barrack and repeated their morning speech, but when the prisoners showed their displeasure and [[protest]], they shut the barrack . On the fourth day, the door was opened and the officers gave the prisoners the food ration of four days then and there, and the door was closed on them for the next two days<ref name=":0" />. | ||
After announcing the news of the prisoner exchange agreement, some of the prisoners of the camps, especially the unregistered ones, tried to punish the spies who collaborated with the enemy during the captivity. The conflict between the prisoners and the spies continued for several days, but the Iraqis did not show any particular reaction until August 26<sup>th</sup> 1990 when they entered the conflict to support the spies. The Iraqis tried to control the situation by means of bullying the captives and opening a volley of shots above their heads. In this conflict, Hossein Pirayande was killed with a bullet. After the martyrdom of Hossein Pirayande, the prisoners went on a hunger strike lasting for three days, and after 3 days, the hunger strike ended with the commander's promise that the prisoners' demands would be met. Of course, the commander also promised that the body of Hossein Pirayande would be returned to Iran during the exchange of prisoners, but he did not keep his promise and the body of Martyr Hossein Pirayande was returned to Iran 11 years later<ref name=":0" />. Besides Hossein Pirayande, Jafar Jafari from Zanjan died of tuberculosis in this camp; One of Kerman's guys died due to lack of penicillin test in late 1989 and was buried in Iraq<ref name=":1" />. | After announcing the news of the prisoner exchange agreement, some of the prisoners of the camps, especially the unregistered ones, tried to punish the spies who collaborated with the enemy during the captivity. The conflict between the prisoners and the spies continued for several days, but the Iraqis did not show any particular reaction until August 26<sup>th</sup> 1990 when they entered the conflict to support the spies. The Iraqis tried to control the situation by means of bullying the captives and opening a volley of shots above their heads. In this conflict, Hossein Pirayande was killed with a bullet. After the martyrdom of Hossein Pirayande, the prisoners went on a hunger strike lasting for three days, and after 3 days, the hunger strike ended with the commander's promise that the prisoners' demands would be met. Of course, the commander also promised that the body of Hossein Pirayande would be returned to Iran during the exchange of prisoners, but he did not keep his promise and the body of Martyr Hossein Pirayande was returned to Iran 11 years later<ref name=":0" />. Besides Hossein Pirayande, Jafar Jafari from Zanjan died of tuberculosis in this camp; One of Kerman's guys died due to lack of penicillin test in late 1989 and was buried in Iraq<ref name=":1" />. | ||
| Line 41: | Line 41: | ||
The prisoners of this [[camp]] were registered in the Red Cross list September 21<sup>st</sup> 1990 at the same time as the exchange of prisoners, and the camp was shut down following the evacuation of the prisoners. | The prisoners of this [[camp]] were registered in the Red Cross list September 21<sup>st</sup> 1990 at the same time as the exchange of prisoners, and the camp was shut down following the evacuation of the prisoners. | ||
== See also == | |||
* [[camp]] | |||
* [[captivity and captives]] | |||
== Bibliography == | == Bibliography == | ||
<references />'''Masoumeh Jafarzadeh''' | <references />'''Masoumeh Jafarzadeh''' | ||
[[fa:اردوگاه بعقوبه]] | |||
Latest revision as of 15:24, 17 October 2025
One of the detention camps of Iranian prisoners in Iraq
Baghuba camp 18 was one of the camps for the unregistered Iranian prisoners, which was established in 1988 in one of the eastern provinces of Iraq, called Diyali, centered in the city of Baghuba, and in a military garrison called Al-Abbas. This camp was located 59 kilometers away from Baghdad and had an area of about 17 thousand kilometers and was surrounded by barbed wire[1]. In terms of climate, Baghuba camp was located in a hot and dry region, where the summers were extremely hot and the winters were cold and bone-chilling.
Geographical and architectural characteristics
This camp consisted of three main blocs one annex, and the castle, between which there was barbed wire preventing the prisoners from moving within them. The camp was surrounded by first a series of concrete walls and then a series of circular barbed wire. Their distance from the wall was about 8 meters and the approximate width of the barbed wire was 6 meters[1]. There were five barracks in this camp, three of which were big and the other two were small. Large barracks accommodated 1100 captives and small barracks accommodated around 500 to 600 people.[2]
The main blocs
Shortly after the arrival of Iranian prisoners at this camp, they were placed in the courtyard of the asylum. The barracks had approximate dimensions of 100 x 30 x 10 meters. Two other barracks were located near this place, after a few months and their reconstruction, a number of prisoners was transferred to this new place and the congestion of the barracks was reduced. These two new barracks were smaller than the previous ones[3]. This barrack was a place to keep tanks and armored personnel carriers, and as a result, it did not have the necessary facilities to keep prisoners, and all the prisoners were barefoot and not even provided with slippers. Each barrack had two large garage-like doors; so that heavy vehicles such as trailers or tanks could easily pass through them. These sliding metal doors were placed across the barrack. The roof of the barrack was gabled and covered with plates similar to old shutters.[1]
Annex
This part consisted of three wards and each ward had three barracks (9 barracks in total). The annex was newly built and clean and tidy compared to other parts. Its building was concrete and its exterior was covered with bricks. The total number of captives residing in this area was nearly 600 ; There was also one parasol in front of all the barracks.[1]
Castle
The third part was called the castle. The castle was a brick building with high walls that were about 4 meters high and thick. The length of this building was about 75 square meters and its width was 4 square meters. This part had 24 rooms of different dimensions, which were arranged in a circle, and the area in the middle of these rooms was the camp yard; So people could only see the sky. The rooms were placed about 10 cm above the ground[1][4]. In front of the rooms, there was a one-meter porch. There was also a field in the space between the barracks where the prisoners played football . This part of the camp, which housed the least population, had very difficult conditions and unlike the other two parts, it was a place where captives were punished and tortured. On the average 300-400 prisoners lived in this camp.
Camp facilities
The main barrack did not have windows, ceilinged fans and ventilators for ventilation. The walls were also metal; Therefore, in order to ventilate the main barracks, the prisoners left the large entrance doors open, while each adjoining barrack had 5 or 6 windows that were located on one side and facing the camp area[1]. Since this was a military camp, its floor was made of concrete, and the prisoners used the blankets provided to them to furnish it.[1] The kitchen was located on the left side of barrack 5 and the food of all parts of the camp was prepared there by the Iranian prisoners. The kitchen was also in the form of pre-fabricated barracks, without windows and with three roof doors or hatches, slope and like the roof of barracks[1].
Shortly after the arrival of the prisoners, there was no toilet in the asylum; Therefore, prisoners were forced to use a part of the asylum as WC. Of course, each barrack had 5-6 separate toilets outside. The lack of water in the bathrooms was common and some of the them did not even have doors and blankets were used as a makeshift. [2]In front of the path that separated barracks 1, 2, 3 from 4 and 5, the toilets of barrack 1 And 2 were located. The distance between barracks 1, 2, and 3 was approximately 20 meters and the distance between barracks 4 and 5 was approximately 50 meters. Of course, there was a separate toilet for each ward of the annex. The walls were made of white cement and were healthier than other toilets in the previous barracks[5]. Also, separate toilets were built in the castle , which were located in the southern part of the castle and next to the rooms. Each barrack had three or four bathrooms of one meter by one meter. The bathroom was located on the southern side next to the barrack and did not have a shower. Hot water was not available to the prisoners. To take a bath, prisoners took turns, and for this, they exposed a bucket of water to the sunlight to warm it up[2]. (Toilet)
The sanitary conditions in the camp of the unregistered captives were very bad. The whole camp was infested with lice. The lack of medical facilities led to the outbreak of scabies, dysentery and tuberculosis, which could not be treated seriously. Of course, there was a room called infirmary in the camp area past the guard room and between the annex and the castle, which had very limited medical facilities. The infirmary was run by one of the Iranian prisoners who was a clinic technician. In addition to the four guard turrets, which were located at the corners of the camp, and the ring-shaped barbed wire around the camp, there was also a guard room at the beginning of the entrance and to the left of the main door. . Of course, in the castle, the guard room was located at its entrance .
Baghuba camp 18 was one of the camps of the unregistered captives, and because of this, was devoid of a series of facilities, including barbershop, library, tailor's workshop and store[2]. There was no drinking water in this camp, and the prisoners carried water with them in aluminum glasses, which were provided to them, and since there was no bucket in the barrack to dispose of their defecation, they had to use these glasses as a container in case of emergency. They had to use the glasses for defecation, and they had to wash the same glasses so that in the morning they could drink water or tea in them. (→ Baghuba camp facilities)
History and dwellers of Baghuba camp 18
Baquba 18 was one of the last camps for Iranian prisoners in Iraq, which was formed following the transfer of prisoners from Camp 17 (Nahravan) in 1988. In the following months, a number of prisoners living in Takrit camps such as 15 (Tikrit Camp 15), 14 (Tikrit Camp 14), 12 (Tikrit Camp 12), 11 (Tikrit Camp 11) and 16( Tikrit camp 16), was transferred to this camp, most of whom were army prisoners or soldiers[6].
Of course, there were 5-6 religious minorities among the army prisoners[2]. On October 6th 1989, a number of prisoners from Camp 11 (Takrit Camp 11) was transferred to this camp.
On August 5th 1989, they evacuated the annex of Camp 16 (Takrit Camp 16) and the resident prisoners were divided into two groups and most of the patients with scabies were transferred to Camp 18 (Takrit Camp 18) and 20 (Takrit Camp 20). ; Also, the prisoners of Camp 12 (Takrit Camp 12) were transferred to Camp 18 (Takrit Camp 18) on two occasions the first on September 8th and 16th 1989 and the second on October 15th 1989.
The exact number of prisoners living in this camp is not available, but the report of the Red Cross indicates that in August 1990 and at the time of the exchange of prisoners, there were about 5250 Iranian prisoners, which was 13.4% of all Iranian prisoners, and It was considered one of the most populated camps after all[1] (→ Baghuba camp chronology).
Important events
After the death of Imam Khomeini (RIP), Iraqi officers went to the barrack and tried to get the prisoners to start celebrating and enjoying themselves. But the prisoners stood put. In the evening, the officers returned to the barrack and repeated their morning speech, but when the prisoners showed their displeasure and protest, they shut the barrack . On the fourth day, the door was opened and the officers gave the prisoners the food ration of four days then and there, and the door was closed on them for the next two days[1].
After announcing the news of the prisoner exchange agreement, some of the prisoners of the camps, especially the unregistered ones, tried to punish the spies who collaborated with the enemy during the captivity. The conflict between the prisoners and the spies continued for several days, but the Iraqis did not show any particular reaction until August 26th 1990 when they entered the conflict to support the spies. The Iraqis tried to control the situation by means of bullying the captives and opening a volley of shots above their heads. In this conflict, Hossein Pirayande was killed with a bullet. After the martyrdom of Hossein Pirayande, the prisoners went on a hunger strike lasting for three days, and after 3 days, the hunger strike ended with the commander's promise that the prisoners' demands would be met. Of course, the commander also promised that the body of Hossein Pirayande would be returned to Iran during the exchange of prisoners, but he did not keep his promise and the body of Martyr Hossein Pirayande was returned to Iran 11 years later[1]. Besides Hossein Pirayande, Jafar Jafari from Zanjan died of tuberculosis in this camp; One of Kerman's guys died due to lack of penicillin test in late 1989 and was buried in Iraq[2].
End of the camp
The prisoners of this camp were registered in the Red Cross list September 21st 1990 at the same time as the exchange of prisoners, and the camp was shut down following the evacuation of the prisoners.
See also
Bibliography
- ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 Khaji, Ali (1391). Description of the cage. Tehran: Payam Azadegan.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Sattari, Bahman (2015). interview
- ↑ Ashurian, Mehrdad and Rostami, Morteza (1373). The camp of the Unregistered. Tehran: Hozha Haneri, p. 12-16).
- ↑ Najafi, Abdul Majid (1388). Malakut garden Tehran: Surah Mehr, p. 247.
- ↑ Rahmanian, Abdul Majeed (2008). No breathing. Tehran: Payam Azadegan, p. 210.
- ↑ Akbari, Rahmatullah (1383). gazelle wound Tehran: Rasansh Publishing House, pp. 24-7.
Masoumeh Jafarzadeh