Espionage - Revision history

Marjan-khanlari at 19:06, 12 August 2026

2026-08-12T19:06:56Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:06, 12 August 2026
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	== Quran verses ==		== Quran verses ==
	The topic of searching and digging into people's affairs has been strictly prohibited in the Holy Quran, specifically stated in verse 12 of Surah Al-Hujraat. According to the late Tabarsi's opinion in the book Majmall Al-Bayan (the following verse), it means that Muslims should not look for people's faults. The Holy Prophet also said in this regard:<blockquote>"Do not inquire about the failings of the believers"<ref>Kolini, Abu Jaafar Muhammad bin Yaqub (2008). Usul Kafi, translated by Mehdi Ayatollahi. Tehran: Jahanara, vol. 1, p. 3355.</ref>.</blockquote>All the remarks and statements are to the effect that searching and prying into people`s failings and shortcomings is negative and not advisable. But this issue has another aspect , called Tahassos in Arabic meaning "sensitivity"; that is to say, searching and getting information about charitable affairs which has a positive aspect. This issue has been stated in the Holy Qur'an (Yusuf/12/87) as follows: <blockquote>"Fatahassawa min Yusuf wa Akhiya", that is, they should investigate about Yusuf(=Joseph) so that they might find him.</blockquote>Of course, this issue existed among the Iranian prisoners in the Iraqi camps, the most obvious moral example of which was performed by [[Abu ~~Tarabi Fard~~, Seyyed ~~Ali Akbar~~\|~~Seyyed Ali Akbar~~ Abu ~~Toraby~~ Fard]]; Especially when he was in the Mosul camp 1, he usually went to people and inquired about their conditions<ref>Rahmanian, A. M. (2013). Charter of purity and service (messages and opening words of Hojjat al-Islam wal-Muslimin Seyyed Ali Akbar Abu Tarabi Fard in Iraqi prisons). Tehran: [https://www.mfpa.ir Payam Azadegan], p. 14.</ref>.		The topic of searching and digging into people's affairs has been strictly prohibited in the Holy Quran, specifically stated in verse 12 of Surah Al-Hujraat. According to the late Tabarsi's opinion in the book Majmall Al-Bayan (the following verse), it means that Muslims should not look for people's faults. The Holy Prophet also said in this regard:<blockquote>"Do not inquire about the failings of the believers"<ref>Kolini, Abu Jaafar Muhammad bin Yaqub (2008). Usul Kafi, translated by Mehdi Ayatollahi. Tehran: Jahanara, vol. 1, p. 3355.</ref>.</blockquote>All the remarks and statements are to the effect that searching and prying into people`s failings and shortcomings is negative and not advisable. But this issue has another aspect , called Tahassos in Arabic meaning "sensitivity"; that is to say, searching and getting information about charitable affairs which has a positive aspect. This issue has been stated in the Holy Qur'an (Yusuf/12/87) as follows: <blockquote>"Fatahassawa min Yusuf wa Akhiya", that is, they should investigate about Yusuf(=Joseph) so that they might find him.</blockquote>Of course, this issue existed among the Iranian prisoners in the Iraqi camps, the most obvious moral example of which was performed by Seyyed Ali Akbar [[Abu Torabifard, Seyyed Aliakbar\|Abu Torabi Fard]]; Especially when he was in the Mosul camp 1, he usually went to people and inquired about their conditions<ref>Rahmanian, A. M. (2013). Charter of purity and service (messages and opening words of Hojjat al-Islam wal-Muslimin Seyyed Ali Akbar Abu Tarabi Fard in Iraqi prisons). Tehran: [https://www.mfpa.ir Payam Azadegan], p. 14.</ref>.

	One of the most salient features of the time of war(1980-1990) between Iran and Iraq and the period of captivity of Iranian forces in Iraqi camps was the inquisition enforced by Iraqis to obtain information on the conditions of each Iranian captive. The way Iraqis figured it, this type of espionage would enable them to have a better control over the camps.		One of the most salient features of the time of war(1980-1990) between Iran and Iraq and the period of captivity of Iranian forces in Iraqi camps was the inquisition enforced by Iraqis to obtain information on the conditions of each Iranian captive. The way Iraqis figured it, this type of espionage would enable them to have a better control over the camps.

Marjan-khanlari at 08:22, 11 July 2025

2025-07-11T08:22:37Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:22, 11 July 2025
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	== Quran verses ==		== Quran verses ==
	The topic of searching and digging into people's affairs has been strictly prohibited in the Holy Quran, specifically stated in verse 12 of Surah Al-Hujraat. According to the late Tabarsi's opinion in the book Majmall Al-Bayan (the following verse), it means that Muslims should not look for people's faults. The Holy Prophet also said in this regard: "Do not inquire about the failings of the believers"<ref>Kolini, Abu Jaafar Muhammad bin Yaqub (2008). Usul Kafi, translated by Mehdi Ayatollahi. Tehran: Jahanara, vol. 1, p. 3355.</ref>.		The topic of searching and digging into people's affairs has been strictly prohibited in the Holy Quran, specifically stated in verse 12 of Surah Al-Hujraat. According to the late Tabarsi's opinion in the book Majmall Al-Bayan (the following verse), it means that Muslims should not look for people's faults. The Holy Prophet also said in this regard:<blockquote>"Do not inquire about the failings of the believers"<ref>Kolini, Abu Jaafar Muhammad bin Yaqub (2008). Usul Kafi, translated by Mehdi Ayatollahi. Tehran: Jahanara, vol. 1, p. 3355.</ref>.</blockquote>All the remarks and statements are to the effect that searching and prying into people`s failings and shortcomings is negative and not advisable. But this issue has another aspect , called Tahassos in Arabic meaning "sensitivity"; that is to say, searching and getting information about charitable affairs which has a positive aspect. This issue has been stated in the Holy Qur'an (Yusuf/12/87) as follows: <blockquote>"Fatahassawa min Yusuf wa Akhiya", that is, they should investigate about Yusuf(=Joseph) so that they might find him.</blockquote>Of course, this issue existed among the Iranian prisoners in the Iraqi camps, the most obvious moral example of which was performed by [[Abu Tarabi Fard, Seyyed Ali Akbar\|Seyyed Ali Akbar Abu Toraby Fard]]; Especially when he was in the Mosul camp 1, he usually went to people and inquired about their conditions<ref>Rahmanian, A. M. (2013). Charter of purity and service (messages and opening words of Hojjat al-Islam wal-Muslimin Seyyed Ali Akbar Abu Tarabi Fard in Iraqi prisons). Tehran: [https://www.mfpa.ir Payam Azadegan], p. 14.</ref>.

	All the remarks and statements are to the effect that searching and prying into people`s failings and shortcomings is negative and not advisable. But this issue has another aspect , called Tahassos in Arabic meaning "sensitivity"; that is to say, searching and getting information about charitable affairs which has a positive aspect. This issue has been stated in the Holy Qur'an (Yusuf/12/87) as follows: "Fatahassawa min Yusuf wa Akhiya", that is, they should investigate about Yusuf(=Joseph) so that they might find him. Of course, this issue existed among the Iranian prisoners in the Iraqi camps, the most obvious moral example of which was performed by Seyyed Ali Akbar Abu Toraby Fard; Especially when he was in the Mosul camp 1, he usually went to people and inquired about their conditions<ref>Rahmanian, A. M. (2013). Charter of purity and service (messages and opening words of Hojjat al-Islam wal-Muslimin Seyyed Ali Akbar Abu Tarabi Fard in Iraqi prisons). Tehran: Payam Azadegan, p. 14.</ref>.

	One of the most salient features of the time of war(1980-1990) between Iran and Iraq and the period of captivity of Iranian forces in Iraqi camps was the inquisition enforced by Iraqis to obtain information on the conditions of each Iranian captive. The way Iraqis figured it, this type of espionage would enable them to have a better control over the camps.		One of the most salient features of the time of war(1980-1990) between Iran and Iraq and the period of captivity of Iranian forces in Iraqi camps was the inquisition enforced by Iraqis to obtain information on the conditions of each Iranian captive. The way Iraqis figured it, this type of espionage would enable them to have a better control over the camps.
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	1. Appointing a person as the functionary of some camp (they could not be chosen by the prisoners themselves); That is, when a person volunteered to cooperate with the Iraqis, he would be picked as the functionary of the camp;		1. Appointing a person as the functionary of some camp (they could not be chosen by the prisoners themselves); That is, when a person volunteered to cooperate with the Iraqis, he would be picked as the functionary of the camp;

	2. The Iraqis would take the prisoner in question disguised as a camp-cleaner to the camp commander`s office where they would try to elicit some information and collect some news from him		2. The Iraqis would take the prisoner in question disguised as a camp-cleaner to the camp commander`s office where they would try to elicit some information and collect some news from him;

	3. In the form of writing a report;		3. In the form of writing a report;

	4. By collaborating with the enemies and generally those who opposed the Islamic Republic of Iran openly		4. By collaborating with the enemies and generally those who opposed the Islamic Republic of Iran openly;

	5. By writing a letter to the family; This method of espionage was very important and complicated because the spies knew that their letters would be given to the Iraqi Military Intelligence Organization and in this way, information would be provided to them<ref name=":0">Ahad Tajari, A. M. (2015). interview</ref>.		5. By writing a letter to the [[family]]; This method of espionage was very important and complicated because the spies knew that their letters would be given to the Iraqi Military Intelligence Organization and in this way, information would be provided to them<ref name=":0">Ahad Tajari, A. M. (2015). interview</ref>.

	== Reasons for espionage ==		== Reasons for espionage ==
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	2. Lack of faith and religious beliefs;		2. Lack of faith and religious beliefs;

	3. Lassitude owing to the prolongation of war which was bound to dampen the spirits of some captives and somehow predisposed them to espionage		3. Lassitude owing to the prolongation of war which was bound to dampen the spirits of some captives and somehow predisposed them to espionage;

	4. Physical weakness of some people who could not tolerate torture;		4. Physical weakness of some people who could not tolerate torture;

	5. Some of the Iranian captives collaborated with Iraqi forces to gain the advantage of having longer break times and getting to spend more time outside.		5. Some of the Iranian captives collaborated with Iraqi forces to gain the advantage of having longer break times and getting to spend more time outside;

	6. Just to get their hands on trifling things like cigarettes. <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">Abad, M.(1391). I am alive, what is it? Tehran: Boruj, pp. 194, 433 and 437.</ref>.		6. Just to get their hands on trifling things like cigarettes; <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">Abad, M.(1391). I am alive, what is it? Tehran: Boruj, pp. 194, 433 and 437.</ref>

	7. Love of position and promotion. Some prisoners would approach the Iraqis through espionage to undertake various responsibilities in the camp .		7. Love of position and promotion. Some prisoners would approach the Iraqis through espionage to undertake various responsibilities in the camp .
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	== See also ==		== See also ==

	* Intelligence		* [[Intelligence]]

	* Hypocrites		* [[Hypocrites]]

	== Bibliography ==		== Bibliography ==
	[[fa:جاسوسی]]		[[fa:جاسوسی]]
	<references />Ali Zabihi Ali Tepe		<references />'''Ali Zabihi Ali Tepe'''
			[[Category:Captivity and captives]]

M-samiei at 13:45, 19 April 2024

2024-04-19T13:45:02Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:45, 19 April 2024
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	== Bibliography ==		== Bibliography ==

	~~Ali Zabihi Ali Tepe~~
	[[fa:جاسوسی]]		[[fa:جاسوسی]]
			<references />Ali Zabihi Ali Tepe

M-samiei at 13:44, 19 April 2024

2024-04-19T13:44:24Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:44, 19 April 2024
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	~~espionage~~		A jurisprudential and ethical term used generally by prisoners with reference to searching information and secret news about the individual conditions of Iranian prisoners in the camps and their transfer to the Iraqi forces.

	~~A jurisprudential~~ and ~~ethical term used generally by prisoners~~ with ~~reference~~ to ~~searching information~~ and ~~secret news about the individual conditions~~ of ~~Iranian prisoners in~~ the ~~camps~~ and ~~their transfer~~ to ~~the Iraqi forces~~.		== Concepts ==
			This word in Farsi means "seeking news" and in Arabic "touching with the hand" or "looking to identify others out of curiosity"<ref>Dehkhoda, Ali Akbar (1377). Dictionary, under the supervision of Mohammad Moeen and Jafar Shahidi. Tehran: Publishing and Printing Institute of Tehran University.</ref> <ref>Ibn Manzoor (1992 ). Arabic language Beirut: Ali Shiri Press.</ref>. Broadly speaking, it means catching up with the news and being aware of things that people intend to keep dark and hidden from others <ref>Tabatabaei, S. M. H. (2012). Tafsir al-Mizan, translated by Seyyed Mohammad Bagher Mousavi. Qom: Islamic Publications Office.</ref>.

	~~This word in Farsi means "seeking news"~~ and in ~~Arabic "touching with~~ the ~~hand" or "looking~~ to ~~identify others out of curiosity"~~ (~~Dehkhoda, under~~ the ~~word; Ibn Manzoor, under the word "Jass"~~)~~. Broadly speaking~~, it means ~~catching up with the news and being aware of things~~ that people ~~intend to keep dark and hidden from others (Tafsir al-Mizan,~~ "~~The following verse~~").		== Quran verses ==
			The topic of searching and digging into people's affairs has been strictly prohibited in the Holy Quran, specifically stated in verse 12 of Surah Al-Hujraat. According to the late Tabarsi's opinion in the book Majmall Al-Bayan (the following verse), it means that Muslims should not look for people's faults. The Holy Prophet also said in this regard: "Do not inquire about the failings of the believers"<ref>Kolini, Abu Jaafar Muhammad bin Yaqub (2008). Usul Kafi, translated by Mehdi Ayatollahi. Tehran: Jahanara, vol. 1, p. 3355.</ref>.

	The topic of searching and digging into people's affairs has been strictly prohibited in the Holy Quran, specifically stated in verse 12 of Surah Al-Hujraat. According to the late Tabarsi's opinion in the book Majmall Al-Bayan (the following verse), it means that Muslims should not look for people's faults. The Holy Prophet also said in this regard: "Do not inquire about the failings of the believers" (Kolleiny, 1387, Vol. 1: 3355). All the remarks and statements are to the effect that searching and prying into people`s failings and shortcomings is negative and not advisable. But this issue has another aspect , called Tahassos in Arabic meaning "sensitivity"; that is to say, searching and getting information about charitable affairs which has a positive aspect. This issue has ~~been stated~~ in the Holy Qur'an (Yusuf/12/87) as follows: "Fatahassawa min Yusuf wa Akhiya", that is, they should investigate about Yusuf(=Joseph) so that they might find him. Of course, this issue existed among the Iranian prisoners in the Iraqi camps, the most obvious moral example of which was performed by Seyyed Ali Akbar Abu Toraby Fard; Especially when he was in the Mosul camp 1, he usually went to people and inquired about their conditions. (~~Rahmanian~~, ~~1383:~~ 14)		All the remarks and statements are to the effect that searching and prying into people`s failings and shortcomings is negative and not advisable. But this issue has another aspect , called Tahassos in Arabic meaning "sensitivity"; that is to say, searching and getting information about charitable affairs which has a positive aspect. This issue has been stated in the Holy Qur'an (Yusuf/12/87) as follows: "Fatahassawa min Yusuf wa Akhiya", that is, they should investigate about Yusuf(=Joseph) so that they might find him. Of course, this issue existed among the Iranian prisoners in the Iraqi camps, the most obvious moral example of which was performed by Seyyed Ali Akbar Abu Toraby Fard; Especially when he was in the Mosul camp 1, he usually went to people and inquired about their conditions<ref>Rahmanian, A. M. (2013). Charter of purity and service (messages and opening words of Hojjat al-Islam wal-Muslimin Seyyed Ali Akbar Abu Tarabi Fard in Iraqi prisons). Tehran: Payam Azadegan, p. 14.</ref>.

	One of the most salient features of the time of war(1980-1990) between Iran and Iraq and the period of captivity of Iranian forces in Iraqi camps was the inquisition enforced by Iraqis to obtain information on the conditions of each Iranian captive. The way Iraqis figured it, this type of espionage would enable them to have a better control over the camps. The most common method of spying on the Iranian forces was to use the Iranian forces themselves. As regarded the Iranian captives, espionage had different forms of which the most important ones included:		One of the most salient features of the time of war(1980-1990) between Iran and Iraq and the period of captivity of Iranian forces in Iraqi camps was the inquisition enforced by Iraqis to obtain information on the conditions of each Iranian captive. The way Iraqis figured it, this type of espionage would enable them to have a better control over the camps.

			== Examples of espionage ==
			The most common method of spying on the Iranian forces was to use the Iranian forces themselves. As regarded the Iranian captives, espionage had different forms of which the most important ones included:

	1. Appointing a person as the functionary of some camp (they could not be chosen by the prisoners themselves); That is, when a person volunteered to cooperate with the Iraqis, he would be picked as the functionary of the camp;		1. Appointing a person as the functionary of some camp (they could not be chosen by the prisoners themselves); That is, when a person volunteered to cooperate with the Iraqis, he would be picked as the functionary of the camp;
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	4. By collaborating with the enemies and generally those who opposed the Islamic Republic of Iran openly		4. By collaborating with the enemies and generally those who opposed the Islamic Republic of Iran openly

	5. By writing a letter to the family; This method of espionage was very important and complicated because the spies knew that their letters would be given to the Iraqi Military Intelligence Organization and in this way, information would be provided to them~~. (Interview with Ali Mohammad~~ Ahad Tajari, ~~March 9,~~ 2015)		5. By writing a letter to the family; This method of espionage was very important and complicated because the spies knew that their letters would be given to the Iraqi Military Intelligence Organization and in this way, information would be provided to them<ref name=":0">Ahad Tajari, A. M. (2015). interview</ref>.

			== Reasons for espionage ==
	This cooperation with Iraqi forces had several reasons, the most important of which were:		This cooperation with Iraqi forces had several reasons, the most important of which were:

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	5. Some of the Iranian captives collaborated with Iraqi forces to gain the advantage of having longer break times and getting to spend more time outside.		5. Some of the Iranian captives collaborated with Iraqi forces to gain the advantage of having longer break times and getting to spend more time outside.

	6. Just to get their hands on trifling things like cigarettes. (~~Interview with Ahad Tajari~~, ~~ibid~~.~~; Abad~~, ~~2011:~~ 433 and ~~194)~~		6. Just to get their hands on trifling things like cigarettes. <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">Abad, M.(1391). I am alive, what is it? Tehran: Boruj, pp. 194, 433 and 437.</ref>.

	7. Love of position and promotion. Some prisoners would approach the Iraqis through espionage to undertake various responsibilities in the camp .		7. Love of position and promotion. Some prisoners would approach the Iraqis through espionage to undertake various responsibilities in the camp .

	But on the contrary, in order to guide and warn the culprits against espionage, other prisoners took measures such as socializing and behaving appropriately to prepare their required items, and in some cases, they overdid it by resorting to violence and even killing the spy~~. (Interview with Ahad Tajari~~: ~~ibid.; Abad, ibid.: 437)~~		But on the contrary, in order to guide and warn the culprits against espionage, other prisoners took measures such as socializing and behaving appropriately to prepare their required items, and in some cases, they overdid it by resorting to violence and even killing the spy<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />.

	A special feature of the spies was their familiarity with the Arabic language, the number of such spies varied from camp to camp. Mohammad Taki, Mohsen American, and Ali Rahmati can be mentioned as some of the most notorious spies of this kind. (Interview with Ahad Tajari: same)

	~~bibliography~~

	~~The Holy Quran.~~

	~~Abad, Masoumeh (1391). I am alive, what is it? Tehran: Boruj.~~

	~~Ibn Manzoor (1412~~/~~1992 AD). Arabic language Beirut~~: ~~Ali Shiri Press.~~

	~~Dehkhoda, Ali Akbar (1377). Lexicon, under the supervision of Mohammad Moeen and Jafar Shahidi. Tehran: Publishing and Printing Institute of Tehran University.~~


	~~Rahman Sataish, Mohammad Kazem (2010).~~ "~~Investigation", Encyclopædia Jahan Islam, Volume 6, under the supervision of Gholam Ali Haddad Adel. Tehran: Islamic Encyclopedia Foundation.~~


	~~Rahmanian, Abdul Majeed (2013). Charter of purity and service (messages and opening words of Hojjat al-Islam wal-Muslimin Seyyed Ali Akbar Abu Toraby Fard in Iraqi prisons). Tehran: Payam Azadegan.~~

	Sobhani, Seyyed Jafar (1413). Concepts of the Qur'an. Volume 2: An extended study on the formula of the government of Salamiyah and its pillars, characteristics and programs. Qom: Institute of Imam al-Sadiq (a.s.).

	~~Tabatabaei~~, ~~Seyyed~~ Mohammad ~~Hossein (2012). Tafsir al-Mizan~~, ~~translated by Seyyed Mohammad Bagher Mousavi. Qom~~: ~~Islamic Publications Office~~.		A special feature of the spies was their familiarity with the Arabic language, the number of such spies varied from camp to camp. Mohammad Taki, Mohsen American, and Ali Rahmati can be mentioned as some of the most notorious spies of this kind<ref name=":0" />.

	~~Tabarsi, Fazl bin Hassan (1408/1988 AD). Majma al-Bayan fi Tafsir al-Qur'an. Beirut: Hashim Rasouli Mahalati and Fazlollah Yazdi Tabatabai.~~		== See also ==

	~~Qalaji, Mohammad Ravas (1421/2000 AD). Al-Musua al-Fiqhiyyah Al-Misrah. Kuwait: Expert of Al-Baqah and Encyclopedia Department of the Ministry of Awqaf.~~		* Intelligence

	~~Kilini, Abu Jaafar Muhammad bin Yaqub (1387). Usul Kafi, translated by Mehdi Ayatollahi. Tehran: Jahanara.~~		* Hypocrites

	~~Mawardi, Ali bin Muhammad (1410/1990 AD). Al-Ahkam Al-Sultaniyah and Al-Walayat Al-Diniyah. Beirut: Khalid Abdul Latif Saba Elami Press.~~		== Bibliography ==

	Ali Zabihi Ali Tepe		Ali Zabihi Ali Tepe
	[[fa:جاسوسی]]		[[fa:جاسوسی]]

M-samiei at 13:18, 19 April 2024

2024-04-19T13:18:33Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:18, 19 April 2024
Line 68:		Line 68:

	Ali Zabihi Ali Tepe		Ali Zabihi Ali Tepe
			[[fa:جاسوسی]]

M-samiei: Created page with "espionage A jurisprudential and ethical term used generally by prisoners with reference to searching information and secret news about the individual conditions of Iranian prisoners in the camps and their transfer to the Iraqi forces. This word in Farsi means "seeking news" and in Arabic "touching with the hand" or "looking to identify others out of curiosity" (Dehkhoda, under the word; Ibn Manzoor, under the word "Jass"). Broadly speaking, it means catchi..."

2024-04-19T13:14:05Z

Created page with "espionage A jurisprudential and ethical term used generally by prisoners with reference to searching information and secret news about the individual conditions of Iranian prisoners in the camps and their transfer to the Iraqi forces. This word in Farsi means "seeking news" and in Arabic "touching with the hand" or "looking to identify others out of curiosity" (Dehkhoda, under the word; Ibn Manzoor, under the word "Jass"). Broadly speaking, it means catchi..."

New page

espionage

A jurisprudential and ethical term used generally by prisoners with reference to searching information and secret news about the individual conditions of Iranian prisoners in the camps and their transfer to the Iraqi forces.

This word in Farsi means "seeking news" and in Arabic "touching with the hand" or "looking to identify others out of curiosity" (Dehkhoda, under the word; Ibn Manzoor, under the word "Jass"). Broadly speaking, it means catching up with the news and being aware of things that people intend to keep dark and hidden from others (Tafsir al-Mizan, "The following verse").

The topic of searching and digging into people's affairs has been strictly prohibited in the Holy Quran, specifically stated in verse 12 of Surah Al-Hujraat. According to the late Tabarsi's opinion in the book Majmall Al-Bayan (the following verse), it means that Muslims should not look for people's faults. The Holy Prophet also said in this regard: "Do not inquire about the failings of the believers" (Kolleiny, 1387, Vol. 1: 3355). All the remarks and statements are to the effect that searching and prying into people`s failings and shortcomings is negative and not advisable. But this issue has another aspect , called Tahassos in Arabic meaning "sensitivity"; that is to say, searching and getting information about charitable affairs which has a positive aspect. This issue has been stated in the Holy Qur'an (Yusuf/12/87) as follows: "Fatahassawa min Yusuf wa Akhiya", that is, they should investigate about Yusuf(=Joseph) so that they might find him. Of course, this issue existed among the Iranian prisoners in the Iraqi camps, the most obvious moral example of which was performed by Seyyed Ali Akbar Abu Toraby Fard; Especially when he was in the Mosul camp 1, he usually went to people and inquired about their conditions. (Rahmanian, 1383: 14)

One of the most salient features of the time of war(1980-1990) between Iran and Iraq and the period of captivity of Iranian forces in Iraqi camps was the inquisition enforced by Iraqis to obtain information on the conditions of each Iranian captive. The way Iraqis figured it, this type of espionage would enable them to have a better control over the camps. The most common method of spying on the Iranian forces was to use the Iranian forces themselves. As regarded the Iranian captives, espionage had different forms of which the most important ones included:

1. Appointing a person as the functionary of some camp (they could not be chosen by the prisoners themselves); That is, when a person volunteered to cooperate with the Iraqis, he would be picked as the functionary of the camp;

2. The Iraqis would take the prisoner in question disguised as a camp-cleaner to the camp commander`s office where they would try to elicit some information and collect some news from him

3. In the form of writing a report;

4. By collaborating with the enemies and generally those who opposed the Islamic Republic of Iran openly

5. By writing a letter to the family; This method of espionage was very important and complicated because the spies knew that their letters would be given to the Iraqi Military Intelligence Organization and in this way, information would be provided to them. (Interview with Ali Mohammad Ahad Tajari, March 9, 2015)

This cooperation with Iraqi forces had several reasons, the most important of which were:

1. The motive of hatred or enmity towards the Islamic Republic of Iran system;

2. Lack of faith and religious beliefs;

3. Lassitude owing to the prolongation of war which was bound to dampen the spirits of some captives and somehow predisposed them to espionage

4. Physical weakness of some people who could not tolerate torture;

5. Some of the Iranian captives collaborated with Iraqi forces to gain the advantage of having longer break times and getting to spend more time outside.

6. Just to get their hands on trifling things like cigarettes. (Interview with Ahad Tajari, ibid.; Abad, 2011: 433 and 194)

7. Love of position and promotion. Some prisoners would approach the Iraqis through espionage to undertake various responsibilities in the camp .

But on the contrary, in order to guide and warn the culprits against espionage, other prisoners took measures such as socializing and behaving appropriately to prepare their required items, and in some cases, they overdid it by resorting to violence and even killing the spy. (Interview with Ahad Tajari: ibid.; Abad, ibid.: 437)

A special feature of the spies was their familiarity with the Arabic language, the number of such spies varied from camp to camp. Mohammad Taki, Mohsen American, and Ali Rahmati can be mentioned as some of the most notorious spies of this kind. (Interview with Ahad Tajari: same)

bibliography

The Holy Quran.

Abad, Masoumeh (1391). I am alive, what is it? Tehran: Boruj.

Ibn Manzoor (1412/1992 AD). Arabic language Beirut: Ali Shiri Press.

Dehkhoda, Ali Akbar (1377). Lexicon, under the supervision of Mohammad Moeen and Jafar Shahidi. Tehran: Publishing and Printing Institute of Tehran University.

Rahman Sataish, Mohammad Kazem (2010). "Investigation", Encyclopædia Jahan Islam, Volume 6, under the supervision of Gholam Ali Haddad Adel. Tehran: Islamic Encyclopedia Foundation.

Rahmanian, Abdul Majeed (2013). Charter of purity and service (messages and opening words of Hojjat al-Islam wal-Muslimin Seyyed Ali Akbar Abu Toraby Fard in Iraqi prisons). Tehran: Payam Azadegan.

Sobhani, Seyyed Jafar (1413). Concepts of the Qur'an. Volume 2: An extended study on the formula of the government of Salamiyah and its pillars, characteristics and programs. Qom: Institute of Imam al-Sadiq (a.s.).

Tabatabaei, Seyyed Mohammad Hossein (2012). Tafsir al-Mizan, translated by Seyyed Mohammad Bagher Mousavi. Qom: Islamic Publications Office.

Tabarsi, Fazl bin Hassan (1408/1988 AD). Majma al-Bayan fi Tafsir al-Qur'an. Beirut: Hashim Rasouli Mahalati and Fazlollah Yazdi Tabatabai.

Qalaji, Mohammad Ravas (1421/2000 AD). Al-Musua al-Fiqhiyyah Al-Misrah. Kuwait: Expert of Al-Baqah and Encyclopedia Department of the Ministry of Awqaf.

Kilini, Abu Jaafar Muhammad bin Yaqub (1387). Usul Kafi, translated by Mehdi Ayatollahi. Tehran: Jahanara.

Mawardi, Ali bin Muhammad (1410/1990 AD). Al-Ahkam Al-Sultaniyah and Al-Walayat Al-Diniyah. Beirut: Khalid Abdul Latif Saba Elami Press.

Ali Zabihi Ali Tepe