Azadegan Encyclopedia - User contributions [en]

Abu Torabifard, Seyyed Aliakbar

2026-08-08T21:21:29Z

M-samiei: Created page with "Iranian sheikh and prisoner, nicknamed Seyyed e Azadegan.290x290pxSeyyed Ali Akbar Abu Tarabifard was born on November 5, 1318 in the city of Qom. His father was Ayatollah Seyyed Abbas Abu Tarabifard, the son of Seyyed Abu Tarab Mujtahid, the author of a scholarly treatise and one of the authorities of Qazvin tradition and the key holder of Astan Imamzadeh Hossein Qazvin. His mother was the daughter of Ayatollah Seyyed..."

Iranian sheikh and prisoner, nicknamed Seyyed e Azadegan.[[File:Abu Tarabi Fard, Seyyed Ali Akbar.jpg|thumb|290x290px]]Seyyed Ali Akbar Abu Tarabifard was born on November 5, 1318 in the city of Qom. His father was Ayatollah Seyyed Abbas Abu Tarabifard, the son of Seyyed Abu Tarab Mujtahid, the author of a scholarly treatise and one of the authorities of Qazvin tradition and the key holder of Astan Imamzadeh Hossein Qazvin. His mother was the daughter of Ayatollah Seyyed Muhammad Baqer Alavi Qazvini, one of the taqlid authorities invited by Sheikh Abdul Karim Haeri, the founder of the Qom seminary or theological college.

Seyyed Ali Akbar was in Qom until the fifth grade and ended the sixth grade in Massoud School in Qazvin. In 1333, as Din & Danesh high school was founded by Ayatollah Dr. Beheshti in Qom, he started the intermediate [[education]] there and he continued it in Hakim Nizami High School whence he obtained a diploma in mathematics.

At the end of his secondary education, he was faced with suggestions made by friends and relatives such as continuing his studies at a pilot school or being sent to Germany , but his father`s implicit disapproval of those suggestions and his ceaseless urging upon his son to get acquainted with the fundamentals of Arabic literature and Islamic sciences altered the future plans pertaining to his friends` suggestions and put him on a totally different path in life.

Seyyed Ali Akbar went to Mashhad in the spring of 1340 and learned the basics of seminary sciences under the supervision of Haj Sheikh Ali Akbar Elahi Khorasani and especially under the supervision of Haj Sheikh Mojtabi Qazvini. He studied in Mashhad in Nawab's school until 1342, and after that, he went to Qom. He learned the description of Lamea, Makasab, Rasail and Kefayeh under the supervision of Sheikh Ali Panah Eshtredi, Seyyed Ali Langroudi, Sheikh Ali Meshkini and Hossein Vahid Khorasani. His arrival in Qom coincided with the tensions and conflicts of the spring 1342. He, who had previously heard words about the political activities of devotees of Islam and its supporters and opponents, got the opportunity to see the political struggle of a religious figure in the attitude of Imam Khomeini. When he saw him on one of the early days of 1342, he was going to Faiziyah school with several companions and despite the government's order, he intended to mourn for the martyrs of Faiziyah school:<blockquote>"Hazrat Imam was moving towards Faiziyah with that strong and unbreakable will. When we got within a hundred meters of the troops, they all took guard. When we reached about fifty meters from them, they poised the guns at ready. When we reached maybe thirty meters, the front line and second line troops knelt down and took aim at the command of their commander If they were commanded to open fire, none of us including Imam would survive<ref name=":1">Qobadi, Mohammad (2008). Pasiad son of soil. The life and times of Hojjat al-Islam Seyyed Ali Akbar Abu Tarabi. Tehran: Surah Mehr, p. 230.</ref>.</blockquote>But Hazrat Imam stood his ground and continued on his way with the same nonchalance he used to go towards Faiziya.

We almost reached a distance of less than eight meters when the commander ordered the troops not to shoot and to open a corridor. This event had a deep impact on Abu Tarabifard and made him a votary of Imam Khomeini. This issue made him decide to continue his studies in Najaf during his exile to Turkey and then Iraq. Seyyed Ali Akbar completed the basic education in Najaf under the supervision of Ayatollah Mirza Ali Agha Gharavi Tabrizi and also attended his Kharej jurisprudence class. He benefited from Ayatollah Wahid Khorasani's course on jurisprudence and principles during his stay in Najaf and had a close relationship with him. Imam Khomeini was another Marja e taqlid living in Najaf, whose classes Abu Tarabifard used to attend. In addition, Abu Tarabifard was in Najaf with some students of the great mystic Seyyed Ali Ghazi and benefited from his divine teachings.

Abu Tarabifard in his first journey to Iran, got married to Haj Ali Akbar Mohammadzadeh (Sadighi)’s daughter, Haj Mohammad Sadiq Yazdi’ granddaughter.

In 1349, while he was trying to transfer some of the proclamations of Imam Khomeini on the occasion of the martyrdom of Ayatollah Mohammadreza Saidi, was arrested by Savak agency and He was sentenced to 6 months of disciplinary imprisonment. This precluded him from going back to Najaf again.

Abud Tarabifard met Seyyed Ali Andarzgou after was released from prison. Andarzgou was a fighting clergy man involved in assassination of Hassanali Mansour. After assassination, for years he provided financial and arms to groups opposing the regime secretly and using different IDs.<ref name=":1" />

After SAVAK's big blow on the People's Mojahedin Organization in 1350 and the change of ideology of this organization to Marxism in 1354, Andrezgo was included in the list of people wanted by SAVAK and purged people of Mojahedin and was placed under constant surveillance. In such a situation, Abu Tarabifard played the role of mediator between Andarzogo and his financiers and attracted Muslim forces separated from the Mujahideen. This relationship continued until the martyrdom of Andrezgo in Shahrivar 1357. Financial support for fighters and political prisoners, travel to Palestine and Lebanon, close contact with members of Islamic militant groups such as Mutalfa and militant scholars, and meeting exiles are some of Abu Tarabifard's activities before the victory of the Islamic Revolution. In 1356, when Ayatollah Khamenei was in exile in Iranshahr, his father and uncle, Seyyed Ali Asghar Alavi, visited him and were the guests of Imam and other fighters for two days<ref>Rahmanian, Abdul Majeed (2011). Spiritual memories, untold epics. Tehran: Omid Azadegan, p. 10.</ref>.

With the victory of Islamic Revolution Abu Tarabifard filled different positions such as Protection of historical group of Saad Abad to Qazvin Relief center and Revolution Committee. He got the most votes in the first round of council elections in Qazvin and became the head of city council. During his tenure Abu Tarabifard placed solving problems of all classes of people as well as trying to attract everybody regardless of their attitude or way of thinking atop the official agenda. He went to the frontline in the first days of war<ref>Yazdi, Ibrahim (1383). Memoir of the venerable martyr Dr. Mustafa Chamran, third chapter. Tehran: Qalam, p. 261.</ref>:<blockquote>“When I realized Dr. Chamran had gone to the battle as a representative of the leader of the revolution and was the commander of guerilla battles, I took a crash military course in the middle of Mehr 1359 and went there as early as possible.</blockquote>Among the operations in which Abu Tarabifard participated in the Guerilla Battles Headquarters,are the reconnaissance and recapture of Dob Hardan village, the failure of the siege of Sosangard, and the clearing of Allah Akbar hills from Baathist enemies. The last operation undertaken by Abu Tarabifard in the Guerilla Battles Headquarters was to reconnoiter the sand hills with a view to liberating the city of Bostan. In this operation, the enemy identified Abu Tarabi Fard and two of his comrades and trapped , and thus their captivity began. The forces who witnessed the fight and pursuit and escape of Abu Tarabifard from behind thought that he had died a martyr. Dr. Chamran speaking to Dr. Ebrahim Yazdi over the phone remarked: "In the situation where he was boxed in under mortar attack, most probably he had died a martyr. " Two weeks after this incident, Dr. Chamran announced the news of his martyrdom in an article in Kihan newspaper. Dr. Chamran, the commander of the Guerilla Battles wrote in his article about the bravery of Abu Tarabifard in the Kayhan newspaper on Tuesday, January 9, 1359 , thus:<blockquote>"I testify that Sayyed Ali Akbar Abu Tarabifard fought with every last ounce of his strength for the sake of God, Islam, the triumph of Islamic revolution and defeat of Islam`s foes until he went to glory. I testify that he was the first to have entered the famous Deb Hardan, along with a guerilla division. They fought gallantly and forced the enemies to retreat.”</blockquote>In the first days after his captivity, Abu Tarabifard spent difficult and terrible moments. The Baathist forces resorted to painful tortures to get a confession from him and took him to the gallows several times just to demoralize him. After a few days, he was transferred to the Ministry of Defense prison in Baghdad. At this time, the Iranian media announced the news of Abu Tarabifard's martyrdom, and this caused him to be identified by the enemy forces: "They took me to the prison located in the palms grove. I was ready to embrace death. They were determined to kill me. Therefore, they separated me from the rest of prisoners at the Ministry of Defense and took me to a military barracks where there was not a single Iranian prisoner. I felt that I had got to the end of the rope. The name of Abu Tarabifard was registered with the number 2414 in the Red Cross list and transferred to Al-[[Anbar camp]] sometime at the end of fall. From the beginning of his captivity till the final days<ref name=":1" />, Abu Tarabifard attached immense importance to the preservation of body` and mind`s health and regarded it as a precept to live by. In fact, he persuaded the other Iranian captives to follow suit, and also, dissuaded them to do things that could increase their tensions. He stated<blockquote>“You are to keep yourselves and others physically and psychologically as far preserved as possible once the war is over. And that will not happen unless you know how to deal with various situations<ref name=":0">Alidost Qazvini, Ali (2015). Aber Fayyaz Qom: Arsh Andisheh, p. 79.</ref>.”</blockquote>Abu Tarabifard was transferred to Mousel 1 camp on 21 April, 1982. This camp was going through difficult conditions at the time of his arrival. The officials of the camp forced the prisoners to make cement blocks for them, but the prisoners refused to do so and went on a strike, thinking that the construction of cement blocks would strengthen the enemy's forces. In order to break their strike, the Iraqi forces had put various restrictions on their agenda, such as reducing food rations, reducing air time, and corporal punishment. This situation was made even more critical as a rift was developing amidst captives<ref name=":0" />.

When Abu Tarabifard arrived at Mosel 1 after realizing the situation, he tried to stop the strike: “in the captivity we are all like the runners who should get to the end together. If someone falls behind and runs short of breath, you can’t say you leave him. If he is unable to keep up, it will be your fault. You should not stand against each other. These cement blocks are going to be used for construction and helping them do so is not supporting oppression. We can work, and simultaneously, propagandize against them.”

After the strike was broken, solidarity among the prisoners was prioritized. To this end, AbuTarabifard took certain initiatives such as persuading other captives of his own barrack to find the Iranian captives of another barrack and have lunch and other meals together. While Abu Tarabifard's strategy was effective in maintaining peace and mental and physical health among the Iranian prisoners and kept them away from the tortures of the enemy, his revolutionary spirit and individual courage gave hope to captives and ruled out any kind of humiliation and submission. In the same camp, at the same time as the Zionist regime's campaign in Lebanon, he wrote a really harsh letter condemning that regime and following the Imam of the Ummah, and asked his inmates to attach a copy to the top of their letters and deliver it to the representatives of the Red Cross to send to Iran. In this letter it was stated: "... Lord, we are looking forward to driving out the criminal Israel from all Muslim lands under the leadership of God's spirit and showing the greatness of Muslims to the world and winning victory for the authority and pride of the flag of God, and may God punish the transgressors severely! In this regard, all of us here are loyal and adhere to the decisions of the Imam and the government, and we are ready to be martyrs at any moment, and we also ask you to listen to the orders of the Imam and the government as firmly and unitedly as possible.

Although Abu Tarabifard on return to Mousel 1 had an efficient part<ref name=":1" />, after three months, he was sent to Ministry of Defense prison in Baghdad because of one negative report from an Iraqi officer. An incident that Haj Mohammad, the Iraqi commander of the Mosul 1 camp, was not happy with either. His transfer to Mosel 1 and also officers’ misbehavior such as torture and punishment, caused protests in the camp. The protests that led to tension and conflict on the 4th of August 1982 led to the martyrdom of two prisoners named Mohammad Suri and Amir Bamirizadeh.

After two months of incarceration in the prison of the Ministry of Defense, on 22 Shahrivar 1361, he was transferred to the Mosul 3 camp, and with the help of other prisoners, he prepared a set of programs to create an orderly organization that would ensure the health of the souls and bodies of the prisoners. He continued to emphasize the adoption of a mild and moderate policy with the Iraqi forces and warned other prisoners against provocative behavior. Holding different classes and performing various sports activities were some of the issues always approved of and encouraged by Abu Tarabifard. He was in charge of teaching Quranic knowledge and Nahj al-Balagha and also participated in the English language class. He knew the actions of the prisoners who tried to organize sports activities in the camp were of far greater importance than even his night prayer. These issues created a healthy environment in the camp and surprised the observers of the Red Cross. Because unlike the prisoners of war of other countries, few Iranian prisoners suffered from severe mental problems.

During his entire captivity AbuTarabifard was transferred to quite a few camps, and all along with his proverbial perseverance and endurance he tried to make the captivity conditions more favorable and less tense for them. Mousel 2, old Mousel 4, Ramadi 7, Tekrit 5, 17, and 18 were some of the camps where he had spent parts of his captivity. These transfers did not happen due to Abu Tarabifard`s intention or the favor of Iraqi commanders. Apparently, God had predestined the Iraqi captives to be in close touch with Abu Tarabifard, even though it was likely to provoke the Iraqis as to persecute and torture them.

With the prolongation of the war, Abu Tarabifard's emphasis was placed on maintaining the morale of the captives and gentleness towards those who were tired of the conditions: "By no means should we be hard on the Weak or Weak-minded. We should serve them wholeheartedly, help them and hold their hands and give them hope and make them optimistic about the future with our actions. We should love these people with our heart and soul.

" This statement was more effective when the captives found him to be the first agent of his words<ref name=":0" />

<nowiki>;</nowiki> They used to see him sitting next to Hossein Ahmadpour, a prisoner suffering from cancer, and talking with him and mourning for him like a father, or 25-year-old Zulfikar, who committed suicide in one of the solitary cells of the Mosul 1 camp at the height of despair . Abu Tarabifard. plunges into great sadness and blamed his other companions who were not mourning for him properly.

With the end of the war and the softening of the behavior of the Iraqi forces towards the prisoners, there were glimmers of hope for freedom among them. In this situation, the news of Imam Khomeini’s death was a huge shock to the prisoners. Abu Tarabifard though saddened by that news with some speech tried to reduce the sadness of this incident for his companions: “Emam told us: I will never forget you, my children. He knew he would never see you again. He ordered others to look at them with the same eyes as I did.” In the absence of the Imam, Abu Tarabifard gave hope to the captives by expressing his recognition, trust and loyalty to Ayatollah Khamenei, the successor of the Imam<ref>Abu Tarabi, Seyyed Ali Akbar (1375). From Tarbat Karbala, a collection of speeches by Ali Akbar Abu Tarabifard in the camps of Iraq; Through the efforts of the Office of Literature, Art and [[Resistance]]. Tehran: Hozha Haneri, p. 505.</ref>.

In the summer of 1369, the negotiations for the exchange of prisoners between the two countries were concluded and the conditions for the release of the prisoners were provided. Thus, Seyyed Ali Akbar Abu Tarabi Fard entered Iran on 24 Shahrivar 1369 and was widely welcomed by the people and officials. Shortly after returning to the country, he was appointed to the position of valy faghih representative in the affairs of the liberated men and took great steps to ensure their livelihood, health and education. He also participated in the fourth and fifth elections of the Islamic Council and was elected as a representative by the people of Tehran. During the ten-year period after the liberation and by holding social, political, economic and cultural responsibilities, Abu Torabifard tried to present a healthy and ascetic attitude towards the wealth and power resulting from these matters to the society and to have the most direct contact with the people and different classes. and dedicated himself to the sufferings of the needy with the central slogan "Be pure and serve".

Abu Torabifard engaged in cultural, religious and sports activities and considered them effective in the path of personal excellence in addition to his representative and executive liabilities. He also planned to waik from Tehran to Mashhad, based on his experience of wayfaring from Najaf to Karbala during his stay in Iraq- on the anniversary of Azadegan's arrival in the country, and sure enough he kept his promise; A program that was well received by Liberated Captives(LC) and repeated every year until the last year of his life.<blockquote>Eventually, on 12 Khordad 1379, Abu Torabifard, who was planning to visit the holy shrine of Imam Reza (a.s.), along with his honorable father, died in a car accident. The announcement of his death caused grief to many of his compatriots, fellow citizens and comrades. A grand funeral ceremony was held for him in Tehran and Qazvin, and finally the body of this indefatigable father and son was buried in the shrine of Imam Reza (AS). In his condolence message on the occasion of the death of the Departed, the Supreme Leader of the Islamic Revolution said: "... after years of being in the difficult battle fields with the oppressive regime and after bravely participating in the scenes of imposed war, long years of hardship of captivity in the hands of the ruthless enemy he tasted humiliation and started a more difficult struggle than in the past in the camps where he shone like the sun in the hearts of the oppressed prisoners and showed them the goal and the way like a bright star and rained hope and faith on them like a generous cloud. ..."</blockquote>
==See also==
*[[Clergymen|Clergy]]
*[[Biography of Seyyed Ali Akbar Abu Torabi Fard]]
*[[The political arenas of Seyyed Azadegan's life]]
*[[Seyyed Azadegan's captivity]]
*[[Sports and Seyyed Ali Akbar Abu Tarabi Fard]]
*[[Seyyed Azadegan's actions and political positions]]
==bibliography==
[[سید علی اکبر ابوترابی فرد]]
<references />

==To read more==
Rostami Nasab, Abbas Ali (1380). History is right. What is the second Kerman: Shahid Bahonar University.
==External link==
*"Be pure and serve" documentary on the life of Seyyed Ali Akbar Abu Torabi from [[Radio]] Farhang. Retrievable from [http://radiofarhang.ir/ http://radiofarhang.ir]/NewsDetails/?m=0691387&n=1203651
*Imam Khomeini's portal. A review of the biography and free activities of Sarfraz Hojjat-ul-Islam and Muslimeen [[Seyyed Ali Akbar Abu Torabi Fard]]. Retrievable from [http://www.imam-khomeini.ir/ http://www.imam-khomeini.ir]/fa/n147587/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF_%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%DA%AF %D8%A7%D9%86

Resistance

2025-07-27T10:15:05Z

M-samiei: /* Resistance Domain */

'''The resistance of captives in the cultural, political, and economic fields and the methods of its implementation.'''

Resistance in the sense of standing <ref>Omid, Hassan (1363). Amid's Persian culture. Tehran: Amir Kabir.</ref>one`s ground for a holy cause has been recommended in the Holy Qur'an (Fasallat 30 and Ahghaf 13). Resistance was of paramount importance and highly recommended on the battle fields, moreover, it was practiced most drastically during captivity everywhere ranging from frontlines to different checkpoints and interrogation stations on the way to the camps in proportion to existing circumstances. The precious experience of resistance and defense, extended into the captivity , inspired the warriors in different fronts of resistance where values of the Islamic Revolution were meant to be disseminated throughout the world<ref>Imam Khomeini, Ruhollah (beita). The book of Imam (RA). Bija: No place.</ref>. Resistance in captivity, which often had religious incentives and sometimes it was done because of patriotism, can be considered from different angles:

== Resistance Domain ==
Resistance domain denotes the fields and areas in which resistance has taken place, and includes realms of its own:

'''1. The Realm of Culture'''

Culture is the basis of behavior and the spirit governing life, and it was deemed seriously threatened in captivity camps. The enemy sought cultural transformation in different ways and by using mass media such as, [[radio]], television, publications , speeches and other things. Strengthening and reforming the culture in order to raise the level of captives` resistance were above all the targets pursued. Resistance in the field of culture was noticed earlier and received the undivided attention, and in this direction, unique and diverse measures were taken. To this end, the most extensive cultural organization was established, according to the conditions of each camp, by designing and using programs such as holding classes and lectures, shows and exhibitions, singing and recitals of poems, storytelling, religious ceremonies in Muharram and Ramadan, which would help enrich the religious culture of the captives. Undoubtedly, the main sources of this resistance lay in the compliance with the culture of the Prophet and his [[family]] members (PBUTS), especially the Karbala school, which always received full attention of the martyrs. Reciting and memorizing the Qur'an verses, prayers, Nahj-ol--Balagheh, Sahifa Sajjadiyah and familiarity with its translation and interpretation immensely contributed to the fortification of captives` souls.

'''2. The field of economy and welfare'''

The economic welfare facilities of captivity were equal to the survival of the soul, which was also distributed with inequality. Resistance in this area was done by paying attention to fasting, protesting inequality, trying for fair distribution and innovative provision of some necessities; Also, with the establishment of a charity fund in handing over a part of the personal ration to the needy, some needs were met, and the means of increasing the tolerance of some prisoners were provided.

'''3. The field of politics'''

A large amount of the enemy's propagandistic actions were aimed at blaming Imam Rahal (RA), the Islamic system of Iran and praising the image of the Iraqi system. In front of the elites of the camp, depending on the situation, both in front of the Iraqi forces and in front of the internal Khonasan by explaining and saying They resisted by arguing or denying and reasoning.

== Methods and tools ==
The method of struggle and its tools are among other significant aspects in resistance:

'''1. Strong resistance and aggressive actions'''

'''Murad refers to the violent reactions''' of the captives against the pressures and violent attacks of the enemy, which were manifested due to their character, discernment and ability; Among them, engaging with the enemy and attempting violent actions. Weakening, beating, torture and the like were among these actions. On the other hand, programs such as efforts to prepare and store weapons, ammunition and provisions were followed; For example, the prisoners of the Mosul 1 camp broke into an old warehouse out of curiosity, stole facilities such as grenades, collets, ammunition, etc. and hid them to be used for a conflict at the right time, which of course was discovered. Resistance, attack and hard reaction were mostly against the infiltrating agents of the enemy such as spies and mainly by using the task force, which led to their removal or amputation or beating.

'''2. Soft resistance'''

Threats and aggression in the camp were mostly soft; The mistake of Iranian Islam, Imam Rahal (RA) and the Islamic system, humiliation, insult and confrontation with adherence to native cultural-religious rites and symbols and trying to change the personality of captives, using different means and at every opportunity, are among the actions of the enemy. the river Therefore, negative struggle and soft resistance were the most common types of resistance; Especially because it was hard, risky, impossible and prohibited by elites. Soft resistance was held in several ways:

==== 1. Behavioral resistance and disagreement with the enemy ====
Part of the enemy's pressure was applied with the aim of bringing the captives with them and their unconditional obedience; A matter that was in opposition to the spirit of God-believing of the captives. In contrast, the general approach was patience and refraining from accompanying the enemy and bearing all kinds of pressure and violence.

According to the notification of the Iraqi guards, paying attention to things such as congregational prayer, saying the call to prayer in a loud voice, holding a ceremony such as ta'zih, was considered forbidden and against the rules of the camp. But these matters, which were the means of maintaining and strengthening morale and increasing resistance, were generally taken care of.

==== 2. Speech resistance ====
Some of the resistances were expressed in speech. Due to some difficulties, this resistance was made more than elites. The enemy intended to change the beliefs and cultural transformation of the captives through programs such as analysis and speeches. Calling the Islamic system an aggressor, blaming Iranian Islam, Imam (RA) and insulting him and praising the Arabs, Iraq and the Baathist system are examples of these attacks. On the other hand, the elites of the captives provided reasons for the enemy's silence or retreat by explaining their doubts or values. For example, when Sheikh Ali Tehrani insults the Imam and the Islamic system and praises the Iraqi system in front of the prisoners, he is faced with the [[protest]] of a prisoner that if this is the case, why do they force us to watch vulgar scenes on TV?! Another, while chanting the slogan "Death to Tehrani" and signing his death sentence with this action, provides the means to change the atmosphere. Open and bold answers to reporters or guards, verbal protests to representatives of the Red Cross or complaints to camp officials are examples of this.

== Resistance in terms of numbers ==
'''Individual resistance'''

In some stages or scenes, resistance was done individually. This example of resistance can be seen more during the course of captivity and at the beginning of the camp period, when the prisoners were still in anxiety, unfamiliarity with each other and the requirements of time and place. In this direction, some devoted and sincere people rise up to confront and protest against the atmosphere of pressure. These people might have risked their lives with this behavior.

'''Collective resistance'''

In the continuation of the period of captivity and after the captives gained a better understanding of the situation of captivity, the character of their companions and the works of resistance, this example of resistance is seen more. Protests of several people, ethnic groups, sanatoriums, sections, and camps are of this kind, which in general raised the general level of resistance and influence of prisoners; For example, the evolution of resistance and cohesion along with the increase of awareness in the 12th camp of Tikrit, which consisted of three sections with about thirty halls and about 4000 people, reached a point where at the beginning of Ramadan 1369, it was planned to remove the anti-Imam slogan. and everyone in the camp refrained from that slogan and endured several days of imprisonment and finally forced the enemy to surrender. Struggles and resistance during the period of captivity deepened and broadened the horizon of the captives and made them watered and capable to be present in difficult scenes. These precious experiences can be used forever by all fighters and those interested in dignity and independence. [[(Individual and collective resistance of captives)|(Individual and collective resistance of captives)]]

== See also ==

* [[Captivity and captives]]
* [[Punishment and torture]]
* [[Interrogation in captivity]]
* [[Punishment and physical torture]]
* [[Punishment and mental torture]]

== bibliography ==
<references />

== To read more ==
[[Abad, Massoumeh|Abad, Masoumeh]] (2015). [[i am alive]] 222nd year, Tehran: Boruj

Itsam, Ibrahim (2014). towards flight Tehran: [https://www.mfpa.ir Payam Azadegan].

Heydari Nesab, Alireza (2011). The room of the prophets. Second edition. Tehran: Al Ahmad.

Homo, (2013). 12th embankment Mashhad: Shamlo Publishing.

Rahmanian, Abdul Majeed (2013). Theater in captivity. Second edition. Tehran: Omid Azadegan.

Zaghian, Asghar (1386). The 12th Camp, Qom: Nineveh Cultural Institute.

Salaminejad, Abdolreza (2016). The mayor of the camp. Tehran: [https://www.mfpa.ir Payam Azadegan].

Atai, Siamak (2008). Travel to the city of Azadi. Tehran: [https://www.mfpa.ir Payam Azadegan].

Alidost, Ali (2011). Aber Fayyaz Second edition. Tehran: [https://www.mfpa.ir Payam Azadegan].

Karmi, Hossein (2008). The third camp. Qom: Message of Azadegan.

Mebhuti, Ahmed (2008). Homeland Tehran: [https://www.mfpa.ir Payam Azadegan].

Maroufi, Hossein (2014). Children of Haj Qasim, Tehran: Fatihan.

Vashghani Farahani, Abdullah (2010). Narration of ten years of captivity. Tehran: Vania.

'''Alireza Heydari Nesab'''
[[fa:مقاومت]]

Initiatives and creativity

2025-07-27T09:27:37Z

M-samiei:

[[File:Initiatives and creativity 1.png|thumb]]
[[File:Initiatives and creativity2.png|thumb]]
Iranian prisoners' effective use of the minimum facilities available in the camps and the innovative construction of the necessary equipment.
Innovation is the upshot of creativity<ref>Amirhosseini, Khosrow (1384). Creativity and innovation (basics, principles, techniques), Ch II. Tehran: Aref Kamel, p. 14.</ref>. Enjoyment of leisure activities and the lively convivial spirit of youth prompted the captives to make the best of their time and their minimal means and facilities which they found available in order to create and innovate their required objects. Based on interviews with a number of liberated captives and reviewed literature, and according to the experiences and findings of the researcher, the following items were examined:

== Necessary requirements, innovations and creativity ==
'''Sports ball''': They made a kind of sports ball by sticking pieces of blankets or cloth together. Using the leather backstays of old shoes and boots, originated from Iraqi soldiers, the required sides were cut and sewn together, and it took the shape of a ball. Three medical gloves provided the tube of the ball. A hypodermic syringe was also used to inflate the ball.

'''Oil stove''': They made oil stoves by using empty cans of tomato paste and providing some gas, petrol or oil (from the generator which was used for emergency and black out times). Its wick was made from used clothes rags. This little stove was suitable for making tea and heating food.

'''Picture frame''': Picture frame was made by gluing matchsticks on a piece of cardboard.

'''Handmade needle''': By cutting a piece of barbed wire and rubbing it on the cement floor of the asylum, fine sewing and shoemaking needles were made. Steel nails were also used as sewing needles. Sock knitting hooks were also made from barbed wires.

'''Hat''': By reusing the thread of blankets and towels and the fabric of used clothes, a knitted winter hat was made using a knitting needle ( already made from barbed wire).
[[File:Initiatives and creativity 3.png|thumb]]
[[File:Initiatives and creativity 4.png|thumb]]
'''Waist shawl''': Used socks and the embroidered patterns on them were used to make various types of waist shawl; Also, making a belt from these used socks was an artistic work.

'''Sculpture''': Painting on plaster and scratching it with the help of a razor blade was what sculpture in captivity implied.

'''Spoon''': By using plastics, spools, and Band-Aids receptacles they fashioned some innovative spoons.

'''Dustpan''': From tin sheets of oil can things like dustpan were made.

'''Slippers''': By using some tin sheets and dehydrated milk cans, slippers were made. Woven threads were also used as straps for slippers. In some cases, pieces of wood or cardboard served as the soles of the slippers.

'''Bath towel:''' With a knitting hook made from barbed wire and using blanket and towel threads, suitable bath towels were woven.

'''Making a TV antenna''': With some wire and aluminum sheet, an amplification antenna was made for the sanatorium TV so that it could receive the programs of the national television network of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Electric wire and aluminum sheet were procured by a group of captives put to drudgery outside the camp, or by some Iraqi soldiers in exchange for a work of art, or by cooks.

'''Rope''': By waving thin strands of towel and blankets together rope was made.

'''Making comfortable and casual clothes from Dashdasheh(a long slack robe worn by Arab men)''': The Dashdashe was given by Iraqis to prisoners. One shirt and a pair of pants were made by tearing the middle of Dashdasheh
[[File:Initiatives and creativity 5.png|thumb]]
'''Ring and plate:''' By some artistic rendition on metal, neckless plate resembling the moon, crescent and heart and even earrings were made. And also, with washers from [[water]] taps some kinds of rings were made.

== Handicrafts ==
'''Making photo albums''': To store the photos sent from Iran, albums were made from frozen meat cardboards, or from wood and board. For the beauty of the work, the cover fabric was embroidered with beautiful patterns.
. Plastic boxes of drip or nylon containing meat were also used for album pages. The album spine was bound using thread and needle. Medicine boxes, cigarette packets and cigarette papers were used to decorate the margin and write letters and words.

'''Stone-craft:''' Colored and beautiful stones were used to make flowers, fish, birds, hearts and rosaries. Making books, seals of prayer, rings , chains and necklaces were the other manifestations of this art. Stone carving was done with barbed wire, and a hand drill made of barbed wire was used to drill the stone, which formed almost the most difficult stage.

'''Preparation of the prayer seal:''' The clay was obtained from the soft soil found in the camp, then using moulds similar to match boxes, they made seals of prayer.

'''Worry beads''': As the most popular handicraft amidst captives, worry-beads were always in great demand, for they could be made with available materials of the camps such as date stones, wood, stone, flowers, pen caps and also, the insulated cover of electricity wires.
Bags: The prisoners made kinds of bags such as a bag to keep the Quran, wallets, purses and etc. These bags were made of plastic or fabric originating from socks and old clothes.

'''Weaving traditional shoes known as GIVE:''' The most important raw material for the manufacture of GIVE was yarn, taken from shabby or tattered clothes or obtained from used hand-towels and socks; And slippers were used instead of soles. The tool required for the manufacture of GIVE was an awl which captives made out of barbed wire

'''Shoes:''' By utilizing fabric, thread, needle, awl, sole (provided by old outworn slippers) and a spindle for spinning thread or string, the shoes were fashioned and then, actually worn by captives.

'''Embroidery''': By using colored threads of towels, all kinds of embroidery were done in different shapes, sizes, and designs.

== Production of stationery ==
'''Rollerball pen:''' Rollerball pen was produced using permanganate and used syringes.
Invisible letters: Captives wrote some invisible letters using the juice of grated onions. To read such a letter, the receiver had to keep it close to a source of heat and light like fire, so that the words would appear and become visible.

'''Making slides''': By designing, calligraphy and painting on glossy paper and chocolate wrappings, slides were made. These could easily be displayed on the walls with the light of a lamp or a candle.

'''Blackboard or whiteboard:''' They covered the surface of a cardboard with plastic, and then laid a piece of cloth smeared with oil and shredded soap on it. The handle of a toothbrush or a twig could be used instead of a marker.

'''Ink:''' The captives made a kind of ink suitable for writing and calligraphy by drying flower petals and dissolving them into boiling water or by mixing layers of soot found in the bathroom with oil.

'''Binding:''' For protection of different books, they bound them with carton and plastic.
Notebooks: Notebooks were produced using cardboard, cement wrappings, newspaper margins, cigarette packets, medicine packets, etc.

'''Fan dynamo:''' By sharpening the charcoal head of the fan dynamo, a writing tool was produced.

Some of functions of invention and cultural-art production

1. to benefit more from opportunities

2. to sell their products to the Iraqis, so that in return they could buy some of their required stuff

3. to give gifts to Iraqis for reducing mass and individual torture
4. keep the mental balance, for invention and creativity would engender a kind of spiritual orientation,and dispel all negative thoughts. In fact, it would prevent captives from becoming idlers<ref>Scientific Council of the Encyclopedia of the Free People. (2020). Encyclopedia of the Free People: Iranian Prisoners of War Released in the Iraq-Iran War. Tehran: Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies; Payam Azadegan</ref>.

== See also ==

* Crafts in captivity
* Production of writing software in captivity
* The essentials needed by captives in creativity and innovation
* Possibilities

== Bibliography ==
[[fa:ابتکارات_و_خلاقیت]]
[[Category:Initiatives and creativity]]
[[Category:Crafts in captivity]]
[[Category:Production of writing software in captivity]]
[[Category:Innovations and creativity in education]]
[[Category:Initiatives and creativity in resistance]]
[[Category:Innovations and creativity in art]]
[[Category:Innovations and creativity in food and eating]]
[[Category:Innovations and creativity in clothing]]
[[Category:Innovations and creativity in cooking]]
[[Category:Initiatives and creativity in making the required tools]]
[[Category:Innovations and creativity in writing software]]
[[Category:The essentials needed by captives in creativity and innovation]]
<references />Seyed Razi Nabavi Chashmi

Initiatives and creativity

2025-07-27T09:16:48Z

M-samiei: /* See also */

[[File:Initiatives and creativity 1.png|thumb]]
[[File:Initiatives and creativity2.png|thumb]]
Iranian prisoners' effective use of the minimum facilities available in the camps and the innovative construction of the necessary equipment.
Innovation is the upshot of creativity<ref>Amirhosseini, Khosrow (1384). Creativity and innovation (basics, principles, techniques), Ch II. Tehran: Aref Kamel, p. 14.</ref>. Enjoyment of leisure activities and the lively convivial spirit of youth prompted the captives to make the best of their time and their minimal means and facilities which they found available in order to create and innovate their required objects. Based on interviews with a number of liberated captives and reviewed literature, and according to the experiences and findings of the researcher, the following items were examined:

== Necessary requirements, innovations and creativity ==
'''Sports ball''': They made a kind of sports ball by sticking pieces of blankets or cloth together. Using the leather backstays of old shoes and boots, originated from Iraqi soldiers, the required sides were cut and sewn together, and it took the shape of a ball. Three medical gloves provided the tube of the ball. A hypodermic syringe was also used to inflate the ball.

'''Oil stove''': They made oil stoves by using empty cans of tomato paste and providing some gas, petrol or oil (from the generator which was used for emergency and black out times). Its wick was made from used clothes rags. This little stove was suitable for making tea and heating food.

'''Picture frame''': Picture frame was made by gluing matchsticks on a piece of cardboard.

'''Handmade needle''': By cutting a piece of barbed wire and rubbing it on the cement floor of the asylum, fine sewing and shoemaking needles were made. Steel nails were also used as sewing needles. Sock knitting hooks were also made from barbed wires.

'''Hat''': By reusing the thread of blankets and towels and the fabric of used clothes, a knitted winter hat was made using a knitting needle ( already made from barbed wire).
[[File:Initiatives and creativity 3.png|thumb]]
[[File:Initiatives and creativity 4.png|thumb]]
'''Waist shawl''': Used socks and the embroidered patterns on them were used to make various types of waist shawl; Also, making a belt from these used socks was an artistic work.

'''Sculpture''': Painting on plaster and scratching it with the help of a razor blade was what sculpture in captivity implied.

'''Spoon''': By using plastics, spools, and Band-Aids receptacles they fashioned some innovative spoons.

'''Dustpan''': From tin sheets of oil can things like dustpan were made.

'''Slippers''': By using some tin sheets and dehydrated milk cans, slippers were made. Woven threads were also used as straps for slippers. In some cases, pieces of wood or cardboard served as the soles of the slippers.
Bath towel: With a knitting hook made from barbed wire and using blanket and towel threads, suitable bath towels were woven.

'''Making a TV antenna''': With some wire and aluminum sheet, an amplification antenna was made for the sanatorium TV so that it could receive the programs of the national television network of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Electric wire and aluminum sheet were procured by a group of captives put to drudgery outside the camp, or by some Iraqi soldiers in exchange for a work of art, or by cooks.

'''Rope''': By waving thin strands of towel and blankets together rope was made.
Making comfortable and casual clothes from Dashdasheh(a long slack robe worn by Arab men) : The Dashdashe was given by Iraqis to prisoners. One shirt and a pair of pants were made by tearing the middle of Dashdasheh
[[File:Initiatives and creativity 5.png|thumb]]
Ring and plate: By some artistic rendition on metal, neckless plate resembling the moon, crescent and heart and even earrings were made. And also, with washers from [[water]] taps some kinds of rings were made.

== Handicrafts ==
'''Making photo albums''': To store the photos sent from Iran, albums were made from frozen meat cardboards, or from wood and board. For the beauty of the work, the cover fabric was embroidered with beautiful patterns.
. Plastic boxes of drip or nylon containing meat were also used for album pages. The album spine was bound using thread and needle. Medicine boxes, cigarette packets and cigarette papers were used to decorate the margin and write letters and words.

'''Stone-craft:''' Colored and beautiful stones were used to make flowers, fish, birds, hearts and rosaries. Making books, seals of prayer, rings , chains and necklaces were the other manifestations of this art. Stone carving was done with barbed wire, and a hand drill made of barbed wire was used to drill the stone, which formed almost the most difficult stage.

'''Preparation of the prayer seal:''' The clay was obtained from the soft soil found in the camp, then using moulds similar to match boxes, they made seals of prayer.

'''Worry beads''': As the most popular handicraft amidst captives, worry-beads were always in great demand, for they could be made with available materials of the camps such as date stones, wood, stone, flowers, pen caps and also, the insulated cover of electricity wires.
Bags: The prisoners made kinds of bags such as a bag to keep the Quran, wallets, purses and etc. These bags were made of plastic or fabric originating from socks and old clothes.

'''Weaving traditional shoes known as GIVE:''' The most important raw material for the manufacture of GIVE was yarn, taken from shabby or tattered clothes or obtained from used hand-towels and socks; And slippers were used instead of soles. The tool required for the manufacture of GIVE was an awl which captives made out of barbed wire

'''Shoes:''' By utilizing fabric, thread, needle, awl, sole (provided by old outworn slippers) and a spindle for spinning thread or string, the shoes were fashioned and then, actually worn by captives.

'''Embroidery''': By using colored threads of towels, all kinds of embroidery were done in different shapes, sizes, and designs.

== Production of stationery ==
'''Rollerball pen:''' Rollerball pen was produced using permanganate and used syringes.
Invisible letters: Captives wrote some invisible letters using the juice of grated onions. To read such a letter, the receiver had to keep it close to a source of heat and light like fire, so that the words would appear and become visible.

'''Making slides''': By designing, calligraphy and painting on glossy paper and chocolate wrappings, slides were made. These could easily be displayed on the walls with the light of a lamp or a candle.

'''Blackboard or whiteboard:''' They covered the surface of a cardboard with plastic, and then laid a piece of cloth smeared with oil and shredded soap on it. The handle of a toothbrush or a twig could be used instead of a marker.

'''Ink:''' The captives made a kind of ink suitable for writing and calligraphy by drying flower petals and dissolving them into boiling water or by mixing layers of soot found in the bathroom with oil.

'''Binding:''' For protection of different books, they bound them with carton and plastic.
Notebooks: Notebooks were produced using cardboard, cement wrappings, newspaper margins, cigarette packets, medicine packets, etc.

'''Fan dynamo:''' By sharpening the charcoal head of the fan dynamo, a writing tool was produced.

Some of functions of invention and cultural-art production

1. to benefit more from opportunities

2. to sell their products to the Iraqis, so that in return they could buy some of their required stuff

3. to give gifts to Iraqis for reducing mass and individual torture
4. keep the mental balance, for invention and creativity would engender a kind of spiritual orientation,and dispel all negative thoughts. In fact, it would prevent captives from becoming idlers<ref>Scientific Council of the Encyclopedia of the Free People. (2020). Encyclopedia of the Free People: Iranian Prisoners of War Released in the Iraq-Iran War. Tehran: Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies; Payam Azadegan</ref>.

== See also ==

* Crafts in captivity
* Production of writing software in captivity
* The essentials needed by captives in creativity and innovation
* Possibilities

== Bibliography ==
[[fa:ابتکارات_و_خلاقیت]]
[[Category:Initiatives and creativity]]
[[Category:Crafts in captivity]]
[[Category:Production of writing software in captivity]]
[[Category:Innovations and creativity in education]]
[[Category:Initiatives and creativity in resistance]]
[[Category:Innovations and creativity in art]]
[[Category:Innovations and creativity in food and eating]]
[[Category:Innovations and creativity in clothing]]
[[Category:Innovations and creativity in cooking]]
[[Category:Initiatives and creativity in making the required tools]]
[[Category:Innovations and creativity in writing software]]
[[Category:The essentials needed by captives in creativity and innovation]]
<references />Seyed Razi Nabavi Chashmi

Initiatives and creativity

2025-07-27T09:10:10Z

M-samiei:

[[File:Initiatives and creativity 1.png|thumb]]
[[File:Initiatives and creativity2.png|thumb]]
Iranian prisoners' effective use of the minimum facilities available in the camps and the innovative construction of the necessary equipment.
Innovation is the upshot of creativity<ref>Amirhosseini, Khosrow (1384). Creativity and innovation (basics, principles, techniques), Ch II. Tehran: Aref Kamel, p. 14.</ref>. Enjoyment of leisure activities and the lively convivial spirit of youth prompted the captives to make the best of their time and their minimal means and facilities which they found available in order to create and innovate their required objects. Based on interviews with a number of liberated captives and reviewed literature, and according to the experiences and findings of the researcher, the following items were examined:

== Necessary requirements, innovations and creativity ==
'''Sports ball''': They made a kind of sports ball by sticking pieces of blankets or cloth together. Using the leather backstays of old shoes and boots, originated from Iraqi soldiers, the required sides were cut and sewn together, and it took the shape of a ball. Three medical gloves provided the tube of the ball. A hypodermic syringe was also used to inflate the ball.
'''Oil stove''': They made oil stoves by using empty cans of tomato paste and providing some gas, petrol or oil (from the generator which was used for emergency and black out times). Its wick was made from used clothes rags. This little stove was suitable for making tea and heating food.

'''Picture frame''': Picture frame was made by gluing matchsticks on a piece of cardboard.

'''Handmade needle''': By cutting a piece of barbed wire and rubbing it on the cement floor of the asylum, fine sewing and shoemaking needles were made. Steel nails were also used as sewing needles. Sock knitting hooks were also made from barbed wires.

'''Hat''': By reusing the thread of blankets and towels and the fabric of used clothes, a knitted winter hat was made using a knitting needle ( already made from barbed wire).
[[File:Initiatives and creativity 3.png|thumb]]
[[File:Initiatives and creativity 4.png|thumb]]
'''Waist shawl''': Used socks and the embroidered patterns on them were used to make various types of waist shawl; Also, making a belt from these used socks was an artistic work.

'''Sculpture''': Painting on plaster and scratching it with the help of a razor blade was what sculpture in captivity implied.

'''Spoon''': By using plastics, spools, and Band-Aids receptacles they fashioned some innovative spoons.

'''Dustpan''': From tin sheets of oil can things like dustpan were made.

'''Slippers''': By using some tin sheets and dehydrated milk cans, slippers were made. Woven threads were also used as straps for slippers. In some cases, pieces of wood or cardboard served as the soles of the slippers.
Bath towel: With a knitting hook made from barbed wire and using blanket and towel threads, suitable bath towels were woven.

'''Making a TV antenna''': With some wire and aluminum sheet, an amplification antenna was made for the sanatorium TV so that it could receive the programs of the national television network of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Electric wire and aluminum sheet were procured by a group of captives put to drudgery outside the camp, or by some Iraqi soldiers in exchange for a work of art, or by cooks.

'''Rope''': By waving thin strands of towel and blankets together rope was made.
Making comfortable and casual clothes from Dashdasheh(a long slack robe worn by Arab men) : The Dashdashe was given by Iraqis to prisoners. One shirt and a pair of pants were made by tearing the middle of Dashdasheh
[[File:Initiatives and creativity 5.png|thumb]]
Ring and plate: By some artistic rendition on metal, neckless plate resembling the moon, crescent and heart and even earrings were made. And also, with washers from [[water]] taps some kinds of rings were made.

== Handicrafts ==
'''Making photo albums''': To store the photos sent from Iran, albums were made from frozen meat cardboards, or from wood and board. For the beauty of the work, the cover fabric was embroidered with beautiful patterns.
. Plastic boxes of drip or nylon containing meat were also used for album pages. The album spine was bound using thread and needle. Medicine boxes, cigarette packets and cigarette papers were used to decorate the margin and write letters and words.

'''Stone-craft:''' Colored and beautiful stones were used to make flowers, fish, birds, hearts and rosaries. Making books, seals of prayer, rings , chains and necklaces were the other manifestations of this art. Stone carving was done with barbed wire, and a hand drill made of barbed wire was used to drill the stone, which formed almost the most difficult stage.

'''Preparation of the prayer seal:''' The clay was obtained from the soft soil found in the camp, then using moulds similar to match boxes, they made seals of prayer.

'''Worry beads''': As the most popular handicraft amidst captives, worry-beads were always in great demand, for they could be made with available materials of the camps such as date stones, wood, stone, flowers, pen caps and also, the insulated cover of electricity wires.
Bags: The prisoners made kinds of bags such as a bag to keep the Quran, wallets, purses and etc. These bags were made of plastic or fabric originating from socks and old clothes.

'''Weaving traditional shoes known as GIVE:''' The most important raw material for the manufacture of GIVE was yarn, taken from shabby or tattered clothes or obtained from used hand-towels and socks; And slippers were used instead of soles. The tool required for the manufacture of GIVE was an awl which captives made out of barbed wire

'''Shoes:''' By utilizing fabric, thread, needle, awl, sole (provided by old outworn slippers) and a spindle for spinning thread or string, the shoes were fashioned and then, actually worn by captives.

'''Embroidery''': By using colored threads of towels, all kinds of embroidery were done in different shapes, sizes, and designs.

== Production of stationery ==
Rollerball pen: Rollerball pen was produced using permanganate and used syringes.
Invisible letters: Captives wrote some invisible letters using the juice of grated onions. To read such a letter, the receiver had to keep it close to a source of heat and light like fire, so that the words would appear and become visible.

Making slides: By designing, calligraphy and painting on glossy paper and chocolate wrappings, slides were made. These could easily be displayed on the walls with the light of a lamp or a candle.

Blackboard or whiteboard: They covered the surface of a cardboard with plastic, and then laid a piece of cloth smeared with oil and shredded soap on it. The handle of a toothbrush or a twig could be used instead of a marker.

Ink: The captives made a kind of ink suitable for writing and calligraphy by drying flower petals and dissolving them into boiling water or by mixing layers of soot found in the bathroom with oil.
Binding: For protection of different books, they bound them with carton and plastic.
Notebooks: Notebooks were produced using cardboard, cement wrappings, newspaper margins, cigarette packets, medicine packets, etc.

Fan dynamo: By sharpening the charcoal head of the fan dynamo, a writing tool was produced.

Some of functions of invention and cultural-art production

1. to benefit more from opportunities

2. to sell their products to the Iraqis, so that in return they could buy some of their required stuff

3. to give gifts to Iraqis for reducing mass and individual torture
4. keep the mental balance, for invention and creativity would engender a kind of spiritual orientation,and dispel all negative thoughts. In fact, it would prevent captives from becoming idlers.

== See also ==

* Crafts in captivity
* Production of writing software in captivity
* The essentials needed by captives in creativity and innovation
* Possibilities

== Bibliography ==
[[fa:ابتکارات_و_خلاقیت]]
[[Category:Initiatives and creativity]]
[[Category:Crafts in captivity]]
[[Category:Production of writing software in captivity]]
[[Category:Innovations and creativity in education]]
[[Category:Initiatives and creativity in resistance]]
[[Category:Innovations and creativity in art]]
[[Category:Innovations and creativity in food and eating]]
[[Category:Innovations and creativity in clothing]]
[[Category:Innovations and creativity in cooking]]
[[Category:Initiatives and creativity in making the required tools]]
[[Category:Innovations and creativity in writing software]]
[[Category:The essentials needed by captives in creativity and innovation]]

International law and prisoners of war

2024-04-21T05:19:52Z

M-samiei:

International regulations related to prisoners of war.

International humanitarian law is a branch of international law that defines the rules governing the conduct of warring parties in terms of the use of weapons and the protection of civilians, the wounded and prisoners of war. Regulations on how to treat prisoners of war and support them, in its current form and in the form of international documents, is an important human achievement with historical roots, and especially the teachings of divine religions is one of its major components. This situation has developed gradually. In ancient and medieval times, prisoner of war did not have the meaning it has today, in those days prisoners of war were placed at the disposal of the captor or the military authorities of the captor country in terms of life and money. But today, according to international law, the captive is not in the hands of the individual or military captor, but in the hands of the government, and he must be responsible for the captive's situation. History speaks of the bitter fact that the treatment of the Europeans towards the captives of the crusades was accompanied by torture and abuse. On the contrary, the history of Islam is full of chapters and events that show the kind and humane behavior of Muslim captors towards their foreign non-Muslim captives<ref>Ziyai Bigdali, Mohammad Reza (2012). Islam and international law. Tehran: Ganj Danesh, p.194-201.</ref>. Our prophet`s initiative in the first battle of Muslims, specifically, setting captives free on the stipulation that they would teach Muslims how to read and write, exemplifies the above-mentioned fact. However, the movement to prepare international documents for the protection of prisoners of war began in the contemporary era of European civil wars with the help of the Red Cross humanitarian movement and philanthropists such as Henri Dunant of Switzerland, and was followed by the global movement of the Red Cross and Red Crescent societies. . The start of both the first and second world wars in Europe and the indescribable both financial and moral losses, including the captivity of millions of people in these wars, provided the intellectual and practical grounds for welcoming this humanitarian movement.

== Legal resources ==
The rules of dealing with prisoners of war, which had historical roots and were often in use as conventions, have been specified in the form of international documents, the most important of which are as follows:

- The Geneva Convention of July 7, 1929 regarding the improvement of the war prisoners conditions.

- Third Geneva Convention of August 12, 1949 regarding the treatment of prisoners of war.

- 1977 additional protocols to the 1949 Geneva Quadrilateral Conventions.

- A set of conventional rules of international humanitarian law (Rules 118 to 128), compiled by a panel of experts in international humanitarian law under the auspices and supervision of the International Committee of the Red Cross.

== The concept of a prisoner of war ==
According to Article 2 of the Third Geneva Convention, this document is dedicated to international hostilities, i.e. military conflicts between states, as a result, prisoners of war who enjoy the protection of this treaty and other Geneva documents are only combatants detained in international hostilities. Therefore, prisoners of war in internal armed conflicts are not regarded as prisoners of war and are under the protection of the internal laws of the country of conflict, international human rights , conventional rules and humanitarian principles. Of course, military conflicts in which liberation movements participate on behalf of a nation to fulfil its destiny and terminate colonialism or military occupation or racial discrimination are considered instances of an international conflict (Paragraph 4 of Article 1 of the 1st Additional Protocol of 1977). And the fighters arrested in this type of conflict are considered prisoners of war. According to Article 4 of the Third Geneva Convention of 1949 and Articles 43 and 44 of the First Additional Protocol of 1977, the following persons who fall into the hands of the enemy are prisoners of war<ref name=":0">International Committee of the Red Cross, Basic Rules of the Geneva Conventions of 1949 and Additional Protocols of 1977 (2010), Hajar Siah Rostami (translator),Secretariat of the National Humanitarian Rights Committee, Tehran.</ref>:

- Members of the armed forces and volunteers who are among the aforementioned armed forces.

- Guerrillas and other volunteer forces and members of resistance movements affiliated with one side of the conflict, provided that they have a responsible commandership and, distinctive signs and insignia such as special uniforms, and that they openly carry weapons and observe the laws of war.

- Civilian employees of the armed forces, such as the employees of war planes, back up forces , war correspondents and similar cases.

- Employees of commercial marine and civil aviation forces of warring parties.

- Residents of occupied territories who suddenly and without regular organization take up arms to fight the enemy.

The following persons are also entitled to enjoy the regulations governing the treatment of prisoners of war:

- Members of the armed forces of the occupied country who are detained in the occupied territories.

- Military detainees in a neutral country.

- Members of non-combatant medical personnel who are part of the armed forces.

- If there is any doubt about the status of a detainee, the competent court of the detaining country will make a decision. Spies and mercenaries do not have the status of prisoners of war.

- A person who takes part in war and yet, is not regarded as a prisoner of war, should enjoy the basic rights of respect concerning human character, in addition to the rights stated in the 4th convention.

== Supporting prisoners of war ==
The general lines of protection for prisoners of war based on the Third Geneva Convention and the First Additional Protocol of 1977 are as follows<ref name=":0" />:

- Prisoners of war are at the disposal of the enemy government, not at the disposal of the persons or forces that captured them. Therefore, regardless of any personal responsibility that may exist, the detaining government is responsible for the treatment of the prisoners in question.

- Prisoners of war must be treated humanely at all times.

Human behavior has the following aspects:

- Enjoying respect, honor and personal dignity (Article 14 of the Third Convention and Article 75 of the First Additional Protocol).

- Respecting physical integrity and the prohibition of murder (Article 75 of the First Additional Protocol).

- Prohibition of any illegal act that causes the death or severe health risk of the captive (Article 13 of the Third Geneva Convention).

- Prohibition of any type of surgery or medical or scientific experiment on a prisoner without permission for medical treatment or without the prisoner benefiting from it(Ibid).

- Protection against torture and acts of violence (Ibid).

- Prohibition of retaliatory measures in interaction with prisoners (Ibid).

- Treating captives with an egalitarian attitude regardless of race, nationality, religion, political convictions, and the like, unless there are advantages involving the rank and gender of the captives (Article 16 of the Third Geneva Convention).

== Conditions of keeping prisoners of war ==
- The detaining government is responsible for the maintenance and welfare of prisoners free of charge. Having adequate shelter, food and clothing and medical care (Article 15 of the Third Geneva Convention).

- Freedom to perform religious duties, sports and intellectual activities (Articles 34 and 38 of the Third Geneva Convention).

- The services of war prisoners excluding high ranking officers can be engaged. Prisoners should not be forced to perform military activities, or tasks endangering their health or that can be viewed degrading. (Articles 49 and 52 of the Third Geneva Convention).

- The right to receive aid from relief and humanitarian institutions (Article 63 of the Third Convention).

- The right to appoint representatives of prisoners of war to participate in the management of their affairs (Article 79 of the Third Convention).

- Prisoners should entitled to inform their families and the central department of the International Committee of the Red Cross about their captivity. (Article 70 of the Third Geneva Convention).

- The prisoners have the right to refer their complaints and requests to the representatives of the supporting forces, such as the representatives of the International Committee of the Red Cross, who visit their camp, or to talk and negotiate directly or through their representatives (Article 78 of the Third Geneva Convention)

== Military rules and regulations ==
According to Article 82 of the Third Geneva Convention, prisoners of war shall be subjected to the laws, regulations and order implemented by the armed forces of the detaining government. Therefore, disciplinary punishments are applied by the commander of the detention center and according to the prevailing military regulations. However, judicial punishments must be enforced by a military court with procedural guarantees that respect the judicial rights of prisoners being trialed, including the right of defense.

== Death of a prisoner of war ==
In case of death of a prisoner of war, burial conditions should be respected and if possible the prisoner of war in question should be buried according to his religious principles and his grave should not be violated. The deceased prisoner's information should be recorded and his grave should bear signs enabling his descendants to find it readily.

== Release and return of captives ==
Prisoners of war, who are seriously ill or wounded according to the doctor's opinion, should be sent directly to their country; According to Article 118 of the Third Geneva Convention, prisoners of war must be released and returned to their country immediately after the end of active hostilities. All the same, in most wars, prisoners of war have remained in prison camps long after the end of the war; What's more, there are always issues and differences between the governments of the warring parties beyond the release of captives.

== National implementation of regulations for the protection of prisoners of war ==
Currently, most of the countries are members of the 1949 Geneva Quadrilateral Conventions and are committed to take the necessary measures at the national level to implement the regulations of these documents. The third convention on the treatment of prisoners of war has the same status and is considered as the national law of these countries. Devising and confirmation of national regulations governing the protection of war prisoners, issuing military injunctions for the armed forces regarding the treatment of prisoners of war, concluding an agreement and cooperating with the International Committee of the Red Cross to visit prisoners of war detention centers, and the existence of a national institution to find out if those regulations have been enforced or not, are the arrangements that are foreseen in the field of humanitarian rights implementation, including the regulations for the protection of captives<ref name=":1">International humanitarian law governing the protection of individuals in armed conflicts (Geneva Document Collection), National Humanitarian Rights Committee of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Siah Rostami and others (compiled and translated), Tehran, 2009, Hilal Institute of Higher [[Education]] of Iran.</ref>.

== International organizations and prisoners of war ==
The United Nations is the most important international organization that is expected to be active in monitoring the implementation of international rules related to prisoners of war. In the war between Iraq and Iran, due to the positions of the chief members of the United Nations Security Council, outstanding and even acceptable performance was not observed in the field of monitoring the implementation of humanitarian regulations during the war. However, in some cases, actions have been taken prompted by public opinion and interests of these members. Sending the research team of this organization to investigate the situation of war prisoners of Iran and Iraq in the middle years of the war is one of these measures, a brief description of which is provided.

== United Nations Special Committee on the situation of Iranian and Iraqi prisoners ==
After the incident of the Iraqi prisoner of war camp in Gorgan on October 10th, 1984), the Iraqi government requested Xavier Perez Dekoyar then the Secretary General of the UN to conduct an investigation into this matter on October 25th, 1984), and the Islamic Republic of Iran also agreed to such an investigation provided that there would be a cross-examination of Iranian prisoners of war camps in Iraq.

The Secretary General appointed a delegation composed of international jurists and experts and this delegation visited Iraq between 11th and 17th of January 1985 and visited Iran within 18th to 25th of January 1985 and submitted their report to the Secretary General of the United Nations on February 9th, 1985 and the mentioned report was published with the following specifications<ref>UN.Doc/s/1696, 22 February 1985</ref>:

In paragraph 115 of the February 22, 1985 report of this commission, it is stated:<blockquote>"During our visits to the POW camps in Iraq, we have seen and heard many examples of physical violence and ill-treatment in the camps. These violences were mainly attributed to prison guards. The frequency and similarity of these claims lead us to the conclusion that the violence and brutality of the guards is a common thing in most of the POW camps in Iraq" <ref>UN.DOC/s/16962, 22 February 1985, Para, 115</ref>. </blockquote>In paragraphs 58 to 62 of its report, the said panel also stated the cause of the conflict on July 26, 1985 in Camp No. 1 of Mosul, which resulted in the death of two prisoners and a number of others was injured due to overcrowding of prisoners in sanatoriums, ill-treatment and being locked up in corridors as mass punishment<ref name=":2">UN.DOC/S/16962, 22 February 1985, Para, 62.</ref>. Regarding the incident in Camp No. 2 in Mosul, which resulted in the martyrdom of 4 people and the wounding of a number of prisoners, the UN delegation said in paragraph 62 of its report: <blockquote>"The incident in Camp No. 2 of Mosul took place when all the prisoners were locked in their sanatoriums without food or [[water]]."<ref name=":2" /> </blockquote>The report of this panel in the final conclusion section also emphasizes the occurrence of torture and physical punishments in the Iranian prisoners of war camps in Iraq in paragraph 271 <ref>UN.DOC/S/16962, 22 February 1985, Para, 271.</ref> and in paragraph b of paragraph 293 of the final section of the report:<blockquote>"Corporal punishment and any kind of physical abuse, as well as the execution of mass punishments, should be prohibited. And measures should be taken to prevent the widespread use of force by camp guards."<ref>UN.DOC/S/16962, 22 February 1985, Para, 293.</ref> </blockquote>

== International humanitarian organizations ==
Articles 9 and 10 of the Third Geneva Convention foresee the supervision, cooperation and activity of a neutral humanitarian organization, including the International Committee of the Red Cross, in the implementation of the regulations related to prisoners of war. The member countries have acknowledged its monitoring position due to the relatively independent and impartial principles and performance of this organization in international conflicts. This organization, which is a non-governmental organization, without entering the source of conflicts and publicly commenting on the behavior of governments, provides the basis for the trust of government parties and has made its presence felt in all wars by visiting the camps of prisoners of war and rendering its services. ( Red Cross)

== International criminal courts ==
The guarantee of the criminal implementation of humanitarian regulations, including the field of treatment of prisoners of war, is dependent on the criminalization of these behaviors and the consideration of punishment for these acts. International courts with jurisdiction over these crimes, along with domestic courts, are extremely important in this matter. The establishment of the special criminal court of the former Yugoslavia, with the determination of international crimes, including war crimes, in its statute, was an important achievement which by trying the war crimes committed by some of the Serbian leaders and military commanders and their punishment, paved the way for the formation of Rwanda court and other criminal courts. The establishment of the International Criminal Court as a global court marks the evolution point of this movement. Article 8 of the statute of this court has established war crimes and according to this article, killing, torture, forcing prisoners of war to serve in the military forces of the warring parties, intentionally depriving prisoners of war of the right to a fair and legal trial are considered war crimes. In any case, although the qualification and entry into the proceedings of this court are subject to certain conditions and regulations, it is assumed as an important achievement for the implementation of humanitarian rights<ref name=":1" />.

== See also ==

* United Nations Special Committee and prisoners of war
* Preservation of prisoners of war
* Prisoner of war in international law
* Treating prisoners of war in international law

== Bibliography ==
<references />Gholam Ali Ghasemi
[[fa:حقوق بین الملل و اسیران جنگی]]

International law and prisoners of war

2024-04-21T05:18:15Z

M-samiei: /* Bibliography */

International law and prisoners of war

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M-samiei:

Health and medical services of servants of captives

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M-samiei:

Indicated to what some people who were trained in the field of health and treatment, did for the wounded, disabled or sick prisoners. Some people with some medical knowledge and experience in health matters formed a health group, identified the sick ,and helped them by making the camp environment healthy.

Due to the limitation of medicine and medical facilities, they nursed the sick captives in every way they could, and at all costs, the good fellows managed to provide medicine to them<ref>Atai, S. (2008). Travel to the city of Azadi. Tehran: Azadegan Cultural and Art Institute.</ref><ref>Azadegan Scientific Council. (2019). Azadegan Encyclopedia: Iranian prisoners freed in the war between Iraq and Iran. Tehran: Institute of Humanities and Cultural Studies; Azadegan Cultural and Art Institute,</ref>.

== See also ==

* [[Servants of captives]]

* [[Services of servants of captives]]

== Bibliography ==
<references />Parvin Kashanizadeh
[[fa:خدمات بهداشتی و پزشکی خادمان اسرا]]

Health and medical services of servants of captives

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M-samiei:

Health and medical services of servants of captives

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M-samiei:

Health and medical services of servants of captives

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M-samiei: Created page with "ذذذذ"

ذذذذ

Educational and scientific services of servants of captives

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M-samiei:

The educational and scientific services of prisoners of war are as follows:

The services in question included such activities as holding the Quran classes, reading Nahj al-Balagha, learning foreign languages, etc. With the arrival of educational books of foreign languages such as English, Arabic, French, German, Italian, and Spanish, those interested in the languages in question would refer to captives who knew the languages pretty well and would start learning them wholeheartedly<ref name=":1">Salaminejad, A. (2008). Mayor of the camp, Vol. 2. Tehran: Azadegan Cultural and Art Institute.</ref><ref>Azadegan Scientific Council. (2019). Azadegan Encyclopedia: Iranian prisoners freed in the war between Iraq and Iran. Tehran: Institute of Humanities and Cultural Studies; Azadegan Cultural and Art Institute,</ref>.

== See also ==

* [[Servants of captives]]

* [[Services of servants of captives]]

== Bibliography ==
<references />Parvin Kashanizadeh
[[fa:خدمات آموزشی و علمی خادمان اسرا]]

Educational and scientific services of servants of captives

2024-04-19T17:35:42Z

M-samiei:

Educational and scientific services of servants of captives

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M-samiei:

Educational and scientific services of servants of captives

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M-samiei: Created page with "rrrr"

rrrr

Sacrifice services of servants of captives

2024-04-19T17:20:05Z

M-samiei:

Self-sacrificing services of prisoners of war are:

Such as enduring punishment and torture because of other prisoners who could not endure torture and punishment. Doing some work had a heavy punishment such as execution, but this did not scare the devoted prisoners and they voluntarily undertook these tasks.

Keeping many prohibited items would lead to a severe beating and going to jail. Pencils, pens, paper, elements, etc. caused a person to be sent to prison for a long time, sometimes up to a month.

But hiding the radio, after torture, had a heavy sentence and might even lead to execution. However, there were prisoners who voluntarily hid these items in the corners of the asylum.

They took the risk of getting the news however it was, even by sleeping under the blanket and writing radio news, so that the rest of the prisoners could also be informed about the news of Iran<ref name=":0">Khaji, A.(2019). Description of the cage. Tehran: Azadegan Cultural and Art Institute</ref><ref>Azadegan Scientific Council. (2019). Azadegan Encyclopedia: Iranian prisoners freed in the war between Iraq and Iran. Tehran: Institute of Humanities and Cultural Studies; Azadegan Cultural and Art Institute,</ref>.

== See also ==

* [[Servants of captives]]

* [[Services of servants of captives]]

== Bibliography ==
<references />Parvin Kashanizadeh
[[fa:خدمات ایثارگری خادمان اسرا]]

Sacrifice services of servants of captives

2024-04-19T17:19:24Z

M-samiei: /* Bibliography */

Sacrifice services of servants of captives

2024-04-19T17:18:54Z

M-samiei:

Sacrifice services of servants of captives

2024-04-19T17:13:02Z

M-samiei: Created page with ",,,,,"

,,,,,

Risky services of captive servants

2024-04-19T17:07:40Z

M-samiei:

These services included things like standing guard so that others could hold their cultural, religious and sports sessions in complete peace. Holding speech programs, teaching Islamic rules, mourning, and especially holding congregational prayers in an environment that was strictly controlled by Iraqi forces had severe consequences.

Cutting the food ration was the least punishment. Some of the prisoners took on the duty of guarding so that such programs could be held with less risk<ref>Azadegan Scientific Council. (2019). Azadegan Encyclopedia: Iranian prisoners freed in the war between Iraq and Iran. Tehran: Institute of Humanities and Cultural Studies; Azadegan Cultural and Art Institute.</ref>.

== See also ==

* [[Servants of captives]]

* [[Services of servants of captives]]

== Bibliography ==
<references />Parvin Kashanizadeh
[[fa:خدمات خطر پذیر خادمان اسرا]]

Risky services of captive servants

2024-04-19T17:05:48Z

M-samiei:

Risky services of captive servants

2024-04-19T17:05:16Z

M-samiei:

Risky services of captive servants

2024-04-19T17:02:47Z

M-samiei: Created page with "...."

....

Welfare services of servants of captives

2024-04-19T16:59:41Z

M-samiei:

Like cooking, laundry, cleaning the sanatorium for other prisoners. Some of them volunteered to look after the sick and wounded, which was difficult, especially for the youth; as it involved things like washing the sputum dishes of patients and the elderly; washing clothes; Bathing the elderly, cleaning their ears, patching their clothes. Some took it upon themselves to clean the sanatorium and the toilet and the pipes of the sewage system, which the Iraqis often neglected, and to fill the [[water]] buckets next to the toilets so that people in worse physical conditions could rest more. In this, even doctors and educated prisoners participated voluntarily<ref name=":1">Salaminejad, A. (2008). Mayor of the camp, Vol. 2. Tehran: Azadegan Cultural and Art Institute.</ref> . Elderly prisoners who were familiar with agriculture, volunteered to grow vegetables such as tomatoes in the gardens of the camp<ref name=":0">Khaji, A.(2019). Description of the cage. Tehran: Azadegan Cultural and Art Institute</ref>.

Some people volunteered to set up ovens and to run the kitchen. they took charge of everything from cooking food to distributing it. Washing the sanatorium dishes and cleaning the kitchen were voluntary. Some made a vow and to fulfill their vow, they washed the dishes of all the prisoners or the clothes of the sick and elderly. During the first years of captivity, those who volunteered to get food from the kitchen for hungry sick captives, showed insistence on that charitable work in spite of knowing that they were going to get whipped by the guards as they could not bring themselves to sit by and see their brothers starve to death. The job of some servants was to keep watch in the hospital from night to morning in order to take care of the group that had been beaten and wounded by the Iraqi forces<ref>Azadegan Scientific Council. (2019). Azadegan Encyclopedia: Iranian prisoners freed in the war between Iraq and Iran. Tehran: Institute of Humanities and Cultural Studies; Azadegan Cultural and Art Institute,</ref>.

== See also ==

* [[Servants of captives]]

* [[Services of servants of captives]]

== Bibliography ==
[[fa:خدمات رفاهی خادمان اسرا]]
<references />Parvin Kashanizadeh

Welfare services of servants of captives

2024-04-19T16:59:13Z

M-samiei:

Like cooking, laundry, cleaning the sanatorium for other prisoners. Some of them volunteered to look after the sick and wounded, which was difficult , especially for the youth; as it involved things like washing the sputum dishes of patients and the elderly; washing clothes; Bathing the elderly, cleaning their ears, patching their clothes. Some took it upon themselves to clean the sanatorium and the toilet and the pipes of the sewage system, which the Iraqis often neglected, and to fill the [[water]] buckets next to the toilets so that people in worse physical conditions could rest more. In this, even doctors and educated prisoners participated voluntarily<ref name=":1">Salaminejad, A. (2008). Mayor of the camp, Vol. 2. Tehran: Azadegan Cultural and Art Institute.</ref> . Elderly prisoners who were familiar with agriculture, volunteered to grow vegetables such as tomatoes in the gardens of the camp<ref name=":0">Khaji, A.(2019). Description of the cage. Tehran: Azadegan Cultural and Art Institute</ref>.

Some people volunteered to set up ovens and to run the kitchen. they took charge of everything from cooking food to distributing it. Washing the sanatorium dishes and cleaning the kitchen were voluntary. Some made a vow and to fulfill their vow, they washed the dishes of all the prisoners or the clothes of the sick and elderly. During the first years of captivity, those who volunteered to get food from the kitchen for hungry sick captives, showed insistence on that charitable work in spite of knowing that they were going to get whipped by the guards as they could not bring themselves to sit by and see their brothers starve to death. The job of some servants was to keep watch in the hospital from night to morning in order to take care of the group that had been beaten and wounded by the Iraqi forces<ref>Azadegan Scientific Council. (2019). Azadegan Encyclopedia: Iranian prisoners freed in the war between Iraq and Iran. Tehran: Institute of Humanities and Cultural Studies; Azadegan Cultural and Art Institute,</ref>.

== See also ==

* [[Servants of captives]]

* [[Services of servants of captives]]

== Bibliography ==
[[fa:خدمات رفاهی خادمان اسرا]]
<references />Parvin Kashanizadeh

Welfare services of servants of captives

2024-04-19T16:57:44Z

M-samiei:

Like cooking, laundry, cleaning the sanatorium for other prisoners. Some of them volunteered to look after the sick and wounded, which was difficult , especially for the youth; as it involved things like washing the sputum dishes of patients and the elderly; washing clothes; Bathing the elderly, cleaning their ears, patching their clothes. Some took it upon themselves to clean the sanatorium and the toilet and the pipes of the sewage system, which the Iraqis often neglected, and to fill the [[water]] buckets next to the toilets so that people in worse physical conditions could rest more. In this, even doctors and educated prisoners participated voluntarily<ref name=":1">Salaminejad, A. (2008). Mayor of the camp, Vol. 2. Tehran: Azadegan Cultural and Art Institute.</ref> . Elderly prisoners who were familiar with agriculture, volunteered to grow vegetables such as tomatoes in the gardens of the camp<ref name=":0">Khaji, A.(2019). Description of the cage. Tehran: Azadegan Cultural and Art Institute</ref>.

Some people volunteered to set up ovens and to run the kitchen. they took charge of everything from cooking food to distributing it. Washing the sanatorium dishes and cleaning the kitchen were voluntary. Some made a vow and to fulfill their vow, they washed the dishes of all the prisoners or the clothes of the sick and elderly. During the first years of captivity, those who volunteered to get food from the kitchen for hungry sick captives, showed insistence on that charitable work in spite of knowing that they were going to get whipped by the guards as they could not bring themselves to sit by and see their brothers starve to death. The job of some servants was to keep watch in the hospital from night to morning in order to take care of the group that had been beaten and wounded by the Iraqi forces<ref>Azadegan Scientific Council. (2019). Azadegan Encyclopedia: Iranian prisoners freed in the war between Iraq and Iran. Tehran: Institute of Humanities and Cultural Studies; Azadegan Cultural and Art Institute,</ref>.

== See also ==

* [[Servants of captives]]

* [[Services of servants of captives]]

== Bibliography ==
[[fa:خدمات رفاهی خادمان اسرا]]

Welfare services of servants of captives

2024-04-19T16:56:47Z

M-samiei:

Like cooking, laundry, cleaning the sanatorium for other prisoners. Some of them volunteered to look after the sick and wounded, which was difficult , especially for the youth; as it involved things like washing the sputum dishes of patients and the elderly; washing clothes; Bathing the elderly, cleaning their ears, patching their clothes. Some took it upon themselves to clean the sanatorium and the toilet and the pipes of the sewage system, which the Iraqis often neglected, and to fill the [[water]] buckets next to the toilets so that people in worse physical conditions could rest more. In this, even doctors and educated prisoners participated voluntarily<ref name=":1">Salaminejad, A. (2008). Mayor of the camp, Vol. 2. Tehran: Azadegan Cultural and Art Institute.</ref> . Elderly prisoners who were familiar with agriculture, volunteered to grow vegetables such as tomatoes in the gardens of the camp<ref name=":0">Khaji, A.(2019). Description of the cage. Tehran: Azadegan Cultural and Art Institute</ref>.

Some people volunteered to set up ovens and to run the kitchen. they took charge of everything from cooking food to distributing it. Washing the sanatorium dishes and cleaning the kitchen were voluntary. Some made a vow and to fulfill their vow, they washed the dishes of all the prisoners or the clothes of the sick and elderly. During the first years of captivity, those who volunteered to get food from the kitchen for hungry sick captives, showed insistence on that charitable work in spite of knowing that they were going to get whipped by the guards as they could not bring themselves to sit by and see their brothers starve to death. The job of some servants was to keep watch in the hospital from night to morning in order to take care of the group that had been beaten and wounded by the Iraqi forces<ref>Azadegan Scientific Council. (2019). Azadegan Encyclopedia: Iranian prisoners freed in the war between Iraq and Iran. Tehran: Institute of Humanities and Cultural Studies; Azadegan Cultural and Art Institute,</ref>.

== See also ==

* [[Servants of captives]]

* [[Services of servants of captives]]

== Bibliography ==

Welfare services of servants of captives

2024-04-19T16:53:57Z

M-samiei: Created page with "..."

...

Services of servants of captives

2024-04-19T16:46:24Z

M-samiei:

Service, refers to any activity or benefit that is provided from one party to another and is necessarily intangible and does not entail the ownership of anything<ref>Services (1402). Persian Wikipedia. Retrievable from https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki</ref>. A service, activity or a set of small activities And it is more intangible<ref>Kotler, P. and Armstrong, G. (2011). "Principles of Marketing" translated by Bahman Faruzandeh, 16th edition, Esfahan: Amoukhteh publication.</ref> that during the captivity, services were performed voluntarily by other prisoners in the camps. The services of servants can be divided into the following sections:

===A. Selfless services===
Such as enduring punishment and torture because of other prisoners who could not endure torture and punishment. Doing some work had a heavy punishment such as execution, but this did not scare the devoted prisoners and they voluntarily undertook these tasks. Keeping many prohibited items would lead to a severe beating and going to jail. Pencils, pens, paper, elements, etc. caused a person to be sent to prison for a long time, sometimes up to a month. But hiding the radio, after torture, had a heavy sentence and might even lead to execution. However, there were prisoners who voluntarily hid these items in the corners of the asylum. They took the risk of getting the news however it was, even by sleeping under the blanket and writing radio news, so that the rest of the prisoners could also be informed about the news of Iran <ref name=":0">Khaji, A.(2019). Description of the cage. Tehran: Azadegan Cultural and Art Institute</ref>.
===B. Risky services===
These services included things like standing guard so that others could hold their cultural, religious and sports sessions in complete peace. Holding speech programs, teaching Islamic rules, mourning, and especially holding congregational prayers in an environment that was strictly controlled by Iraqi forces had severe consequences. Cutting the food ration was the least punishment. Some of the prisoners took on the duty of guarding so that such programs could be held with less risk.
===C. welfare Sevices===
Like cooking, laundry, cleaning the sanatorium for other prisoners. Some of them volunteered to look after the sick and wounded, which was difficult , especially for the youth; as it involved things like washing the sputum dishes of patients and the elderly; washing clothes; Bathing the elderly, cleaning their ears, patching their clothes. Some took it upon themselves to clean the sanatorium and the toilet and the pipes of the sewage system, which the Iraqis often neglected, and to fill the [[water]] buckets next to the toilets so that people in worse physical conditions could rest more. In this, even doctors and educated prisoners participated voluntarily<ref name=":1">Salaminejad, A. (2008). Mayor of the camp, Vol. 2. Tehran: Azadegan Cultural and Art Institute.</ref> . Elderly prisoners who were familiar with agriculture, volunteered to grow vegetables such as tomatoes in the gardens of the camp<ref name=":0" />.

Some people volunteered to set up ovens and to run the kitchen. they took charge of everything from cooking food to distributing it. Washing the sanatorium dishes and cleaning the kitchen were voluntary. Some made a vow and to fulfill their vow, they washed the dishes of all the prisoners or the clothes of the sick and elderly. During the first years of captivity, those who volunteered to get food from the kitchen for hungry sick captives, showed insistence on that charitable work in spite of knowing that they were going to get whipped by the guards as they could not bring themselves to sit by and see their brothers starve to death. The job of some servants was to keep watch in the hospital from night to morning in order to take care of the group that had been beaten and wounded by the Iraqi forces.
===D. Educational services===
The services in question included such activities as holding the Quran classes, reading Nahj al-Balagha, learning foreign languages, etc. With the arrival of educational books of foreign languages such as English, Arabic, French, German, Italian, and Spanish , those interested in the languages in question would refer to captives who knew the languages pretty well and would start learning them wholeheartedly <ref name=":1" />.
===G. Health and medical services===
Indicated to what some people who were trained in the field of health and treatment, did for the wounded, disabled or sick prisoners. Some people with some medical knowledge and experience in health matters formed a health group , identified the sick ,and helped them by making the camp environment healthy. Due to the limitation of medicine and medical facilities, they nursed the sick captives in every way they could, and at all costs, the good fellows managed to provide medicine to them <ref>Atai, S. (2008). Travel to the city of Azadi. Tehran: Azadegan Cultural and Art Institute.</ref>.
===E. Cultural-artistic services===
Such as copying parts of the Qur'an, Nahj al-Balagha, Mafatih, etc. on paper sheets and distributing them among prisoners for memorization or recitation; holding competitions and entertaining programs; holding national and religious ceremonies, staging plays and song recitals, in order to set the mood of vitality and cheerfulness among the prisoners.
===F. Financial services===
Like helping others financially or even working for Iraqis in exchange for money and helping other prisoners who could not work.
===J. Sports services===
Such as holding sports competitions, teaching different sports and constructing grounds for sports activities. Martial arts were forbidden. If the instructor were caught red-handed , he would be in trouble, and yet the instructors braved every possible danger and taught interested captives indomitably<ref>Azadegan Scientific Council. (2019). Azadegan Encyclopedia: Iranian prisoners freed in the war between Iraq and Iran. Tehran: Institute of Humanities and Cultural Studies; Azadegan Cultural and Art Institute.</ref>.
==See also==
• [[Servants of captives]]

• [[Education]]

• Healthcare

• Sport

== Bibliography ==
[[fa:خدمات خادمان اسرا]]

Services of servants of captives

2024-04-19T16:44:49Z

M-samiei:

Services of servants of captives

2024-04-19T16:43:26Z

M-samiei: Created page with "Service, refers to any activity or benefit that is provided from one party to another and is necessarily intangible and does not entail the ownership of anything<ref>Services (1402). Persian Wikipedia. Retrievable from</ref>. A service, activity or a set of small activities And it is more intangible<ref>Kotler, P. and Armstrong, G. (2011). "Principles of Marketing" translated by Bahman Faruzandeh, 16th edition, Esfahan: Amoukhteh publication.</ref> that during the captiv..."

Service, refers to any activity or benefit that is provided from one party to another and is necessarily intangible and does not entail the ownership of anything<ref>Services (1402). Persian Wikipedia. Retrievable from</ref>. A service, activity or a set of small activities And it is more intangible<ref>Kotler, P. and Armstrong, G. (2011). "Principles of Marketing" translated by Bahman Faruzandeh, 16th edition, Esfahan: Amoukhteh publication.</ref> that during the captivity, services were performed voluntarily by other prisoners in the camps. The services of servants can be divided into the following sections:

===A. Selfless services===
Such as enduring punishment and torture because of other prisoners who could not endure torture and punishment. Doing some work had a heavy punishment such as execution, but this did not scare the devoted prisoners and they voluntarily undertook these tasks. Keeping many prohibited items would lead to a severe beating and going to jail. Pencils, pens, paper, elements, etc. caused a person to be sent to prison for a long time, sometimes up to a month. But hiding the radio, after torture, had a heavy sentence and might even lead to execution. However, there were prisoners who voluntarily hid these items in the corners of the asylum. They took the risk of getting the news however it was, even by sleeping under the blanket and writing radio news, so that the rest of the prisoners could also be informed about the news of Iran <ref name=":0">Khaji, A.(2019). Description of the cage. Tehran: Azadegan Cultural and Art Institute</ref>.
===B. Risky services===
These services included things like standing guard so that others could hold their cultural, religious and sports sessions in complete peace. Holding speech programs, teaching Islamic rules, mourning, and especially holding congregational prayers in an environment that was strictly controlled by Iraqi forces had severe consequences. Cutting the food ration was the least punishment. Some of the prisoners took on the duty of guarding so that such programs could be held with less risk.
===C. welfare Sevices===
Like cooking, laundry, cleaning the sanatorium for other prisoners. Some of them volunteered to look after the sick and wounded, which was difficult , especially for the youth; as it involved things like washing the sputum dishes of patients and the elderly; washing clothes; Bathing the elderly, cleaning their ears, patching their clothes. Some took it upon themselves to clean the sanatorium and the toilet and the pipes of the sewage system, which the Iraqis often neglected, and to fill the [[water]] buckets next to the toilets so that people in worse physical conditions could rest more. In this, even doctors and educated prisoners participated voluntarily<ref name=":1">Salaminejad, A. (2008). Mayor of the camp, Vol. 2. Tehran: Azadegan Cultural and Art Institute.</ref> . Elderly prisoners who were familiar with agriculture, volunteered to grow vegetables such as tomatoes in the gardens of the camp<ref name=":0" />.

Some people volunteered to set up ovens and to run the kitchen. they took charge of everything from cooking food to distributing it. Washing the sanatorium dishes and cleaning the kitchen were voluntary. Some made a vow and to fulfill their vow, they washed the dishes of all the prisoners or the clothes of the sick and elderly. During the first years of captivity, those who volunteered to get food from the kitchen for hungry sick captives, showed insistence on that charitable work in spite of knowing that they were going to get whipped by the guards as they could not bring themselves to sit by and see their brothers starve to death. The job of some servants was to keep watch in the hospital from night to morning in order to take care of the group that had been beaten and wounded by the Iraqi forces.
===D. Educational services===
The services in question included such activities as holding the Quran classes, reading Nahj al-Balagha, learning foreign languages, etc. With the arrival of educational books of foreign languages such as English, Arabic, French, German, Italian, and Spanish , those interested in the languages in question would refer to captives who knew the languages pretty well and would start learning them wholeheartedly <ref name=":1" />.
===G. Health and medical services===
Indicated to what some people who were trained in the field of health and treatment, did for the wounded, disabled or sick prisoners. Some people with some medical knowledge and experience in health matters formed a health group , identified the sick ,and helped them by making the camp environment healthy. Due to the limitation of medicine and medical facilities, they nursed the sick captives in every way they could, and at all costs, the good fellows managed to provide medicine to them <ref>Atai, S. (2008). Travel to the city of Azadi. Tehran: Azadegan Cultural and Art Institute.</ref>.
===E. Cultural-artistic services===
Such as copying parts of the Qur'an, Nahj al-Balagha, Mafatih, etc. on paper sheets and distributing them among prisoners for memorization or recitation; holding competitions and entertaining programs; holding national and religious ceremonies, staging plays and song recitals, in order to set the mood of vitality and cheerfulness among the prisoners.
===F. Financial services===
Like helping others financially or even working for Iraqis in exchange for money and helping other prisoners who could not work.
===J. Sports services===
Such as holding sports competitions, teaching different sports and constructing grounds for sports activities. Martial arts were forbidden. If the instructor were caught red-handed , he would be in trouble, and yet the instructors braved every possible danger and taught interested captives indomitably<ref>Azadegan Scientific Council. (2019). Azadegan Encyclopedia: Iranian prisoners freed in the war between Iraq and Iran. Tehran: Institute of Humanities and Cultural Studies; Azadegan Cultural and Art Institute.</ref>.
==See also==
• [[Servants of captives]]

• [[Education]]

• Healthcare

• Sport

== Bibliography ==

Servants of captives

2024-04-19T16:29:53Z

M-samiei:

Prisoners who unselfishly served their fellow prisoners.

Altruism and self-sacrifice are two words known and approved of by all classes of people, both literate and illiterate, rich and poor, responsible and irresponsible. The people of Iran, when they saw their homeland in danger, sacrificed their lives and property and fought at the frontlines with the aim of preserving the ideals and saving the homeland. From the beginning, they accepted the possibility of martyrdom, captivity and severe injuries and fought against the enemy with all their might to defend their fatherland. The front line was a clear and unique scene of sacrifice and altruism. The warriors who were captured by the enemy knew very soon that they had to keep fighting as captives too drawing on self-sacrifice and altruism. In captivity, they no longer had the right to use weapons and ammunition, and they had to tolerate everything for the pride of the country, and thus, they starved, got beaten, put to drudgery and were tortured for many days. From the first moments of captivity to the transfer to the camp, all the prisoners, both healthy and wounded, were beaten by the Iraqis, but among them there were people who shielded the wounded who had sustained severe injuries.

During the period of captivity, some of the captives made many sacrifices by looking after the sick and injured captives. The prisoners used the term "charity collectors" for these hardworking people. The servants in the camps were not only from a certain class; they ranged from militia and IRGC members and soldiers to clerics and non-clerics, all trying to help their fellow country men.

== Services ==
The services of servants can be divided into the following sections:

=== a. Selfless services ===
Such as enduring punishment and torture because of other prisoners who could not endure torture and punishment. Doing some work had a heavy punishment such as execution, but this did not scare the devoted prisoners and they voluntarily undertook these tasks. Keeping many prohibited items would lead to a severe beating and going to jail. Pencils, pens, paper, elements, etc. caused a person to be sent to prison for a long time, sometimes up to a month. But hiding the radio, after torture, had a heavy sentence and might even lead to execution. However, there were prisoners who voluntarily hid these items in the corners of the asylum. They took the risk of getting the news however it was, even by sleeping under the blanket and writing radio news, so that the rest of the prisoners could also be informed about the news of Iran <ref name=":0">Khaji, A.(2019). Description of the cage. Tehran: Azadegan Cultural and Art Institute</ref>.

=== b. Risky services ===
These services included things like standing guard so that others could hold their cultural, religious and sports sessions in complete peace. Holding speech programs, teaching Islamic rules, mourning, and especially holding congregational prayers in an environment that was strictly controlled by Iraqi forces had severe consequences. Cutting the food ration was the least punishment. Some of the prisoners took on the duty of guarding so that such programs could be held with less risk.

=== C. welfare Sevices ===
Like cooking, laundry, cleaning the sanatorium for other prisoners. Some of them volunteered to look after the sick and wounded, which was difficult , especially for the youth; as it involved things like washing the sputum dishes of patients and the elderly; washing clothes; Bathing the elderly, cleaning their ears, patching their clothes. Some took it upon themselves to clean the sanatorium and the toilet and the pipes of the sewage system, which the Iraqis often neglected, and to fill the [[water]] buckets next to the toilets so that people in worse physical conditions could rest more. In this, even doctors and educated prisoners participated voluntarily<ref name=":1">Salaminejad, A. (2008). Mayor of the camp, Vol. 2. Tehran: Azadegan Cultural and Art Institute.</ref> . Elderly prisoners who were familiar with agriculture, volunteered to grow vegetables such as tomatoes in the gardens of the camp<ref name=":0" />.

Some people volunteered to set up ovens and to run the kitchen. they took charge of everything from cooking food to distributing it. Washing the sanatorium dishes and cleaning the kitchen were voluntary. Some made a vow and to fulfill their vow, they washed the dishes of all the prisoners or the clothes of the sick and elderly. During the first years of captivity, those who volunteered to get food from the kitchen for hungry sick captives, showed insistence on that charitable work in spite of knowing that they were going to get whipped by the guards as they could not bring themselves to sit by and see their brothers starve to death. The job of some servants was to keep watch in the hospital from night to morning in order to take care of the group that had been beaten and wounded by the Iraqi forces.

=== D. Educational services ===
The services in question included such activities as holding the Quran classes, reading Nahj al-Balagha, learning foreign languages, etc. With the arrival of educational books of foreign languages such as English, Arabic, French, German, Italian, and Spanish , those interested in the languages in question would refer to captives who knew the languages pretty well and would start learning them wholeheartedly <ref name=":1" />.

=== G. Health and medical services ===
Indicated to what some people who were trained in the field of health and treatment, did for the wounded, disabled or sick prisoners. Some people with some medical knowledge and experience in health matters formed a health group , identified the sick ,and helped them by making the camp environment healthy. Due to the limitation of medicine and medical facilities, they nursed the sick captives in every way they could, and at all costs, the good fellows managed to provide medicine to them <ref>Atai, S. (2008). Travel to the city of Azadi. Tehran: Azadegan Cultural and Art Institute.</ref>.

=== E. Cultural-artistic services ===
Such as copying parts of the Qur'an, Nahj al-Balagha, Mafatih, etc. on paper sheets and distributing them among prisoners for memorization or recitation; holding competitions and entertaining programs; holding national and religious ceremonies, staging plays and song recitals, in order to set the mood of vitality and cheerfulness among the prisoners.

=== F. Financial services ===
Like helping others financially or even working for Iraqis in exchange for money and helping other prisoners who could not work.

=== J. Sports services ===
Such as holding sports competitions, teaching different sports and constructing grounds for sports activities. Martial arts were forbidden. If the instructor were caught red-handed , he would be in trouble, and yet the instructors braved every possible danger and taught interested captives indomitably<ref>Azadegan Scientific Council. (2019). Azadegan Encyclopedia: Iranian prisoners freed in the war between Iraq and Iran. Tehran: Institute of Humanities and Cultural Studies; Azadegan Cultural and Art Institute.</ref>.

== See also ==
• Services of servants of captives

• [[Education]]

• Healthcare

• Sport

== Bibliography ==
<references />

== To read more ==
Hosseinipour, S. N. (2013). The leg that remained. Tehran: Surah Mehr.

Khojaste, A. (2008). beyond the Euphrates Tehran: Shahid.

Kashanizadeh, P. (2015). I am Alireza, born in Apatan, Ch 3. Tehran: Payam Azadegan.

Nowrozi, F. (2012). hidden embankment Tehran: The Foundation for the Preservation and Publication of Sacred Defense Values.

'''Parvin Kashanizadeh'''

[[fa:خادمان اسرا]]

Servants of captives

2024-04-19T16:28:48Z

M-samiei:

Servants of captives

2024-04-19T16:28:00Z

M-samiei:

Prisoners who unselfishly served their fellow prisoners.

Altruism and self-sacrifice are two words known and approved of by all classes of people, both literate and illiterate, rich and poor, responsible and irresponsible. The people of Iran, when they saw their homeland in danger, sacrificed their lives and property and fought at the frontlines with the aim of preserving the ideals and saving the homeland. From the beginning, they accepted the possibility of martyrdom, captivity and severe injuries and fought against the enemy with all their might to defend their fatherland. The front line was a clear and unique scene of sacrifice and altruism. The warriors who were captured by the enemy knew very soon that they had to keep fighting as captives too drawing on self-sacrifice and altruism. In captivity, they no longer had the right to use weapons and ammunition, and they had to tolerate everything for the pride of the country, and thus, they starved, got beaten, put to drudgery and were tortured for many days. From the first moments of captivity to the transfer to the camp, all the prisoners, both healthy and wounded, were beaten by the Iraqis, but among them there were people who shielded the wounded who had sustained severe injuries.

During the period of captivity, some of the captives made many sacrifices by looking after the sick and injured captives. The prisoners used the term "charity collectors" for these hardworking people. The servants in the camps were not only from a certain class; they ranged from militia and IRGC members and soldiers to clerics and non-clerics, all trying to help their fellow country men.

== Services ==
The services of servants can be divided into the following sections:

=== a. Selfless services ===
Such as enduring punishment and torture because of other prisoners who could not endure torture and punishment. Doing some work had a heavy punishment such as execution, but this did not scare the devoted prisoners and they voluntarily undertook these tasks. Keeping many prohibited items would lead to a severe beating and going to jail. Pencils, pens, paper, elements, etc. caused a person to be sent to prison for a long time, sometimes up to a month. But hiding the radio, after torture, had a heavy sentence and might even lead to execution. However, there were prisoners who voluntarily hid these items in the corners of the asylum. They took the risk of getting the news however it was, even by sleeping under the blanket and writing radio news, so that the rest of the prisoners could also be informed about the news of Iran <ref name=":0">Khaji, A.(2019). Description of the cage. Tehran: Azadegan Cultural and Art Institute</ref>.

=== b. Risky services ===
These services included things like standing guard so that others could hold their cultural, religious and sports sessions in complete peace. Holding speech programs, teaching Islamic rules, mourning, and especially holding congregational prayers in an environment that was strictly controlled by Iraqi forces had severe consequences. Cutting the food ration was the least punishment. Some of the prisoners took on the duty of guarding so that such programs could be held with less risk.

=== C. welfare Sevices ===
Like cooking, laundry, cleaning the sanatorium for other prisoners. Some of them volunteered to look after the sick and wounded, which was difficult , especially for the youth; as it involved things like washing the sputum dishes of patients and the elderly; washing clothes; Bathing the elderly, cleaning their ears, patching their clothes. Some took it upon themselves to clean the sanatorium and the toilet and the pipes of the sewage system, which the Iraqis often neglected, and to fill the [[water]] buckets next to the toilets so that people in worse physical conditions could rest more. In this, even doctors and educated prisoners participated voluntarily<ref name=":1">Salaminejad, A. (2008). Mayor of the camp, VOL. 2. Tehran: Azadegan Cultural and Art Institute.</ref> . Elderly prisoners who were familiar with agriculture, volunteered to grow vegetables such as tomatoes in the gardens of the camp<ref name=":0" />.

Some people volunteered to set up ovens and to run the kitchen. they took charge of everything from cooking food to distributing it. Washing the sanatorium dishes and cleaning the kitchen were voluntary. Some made a vow and to fulfill their vow, they washed the dishes of all the prisoners or the clothes of the sick and elderly. During the first years of captivity, those who volunteered to get food from the kitchen for hungry sick captives, showed insistence on that charitable work in spite of knowing that they were going to get whipped by the guards as they could not bring themselves to sit by and see their brothers starve to death. The job of some servants was to keep watch in the hospital from night to morning in order to take care of the group that had been beaten and wounded by the Iraqi forces.

=== D. Educational services ===
The services in question included such activities as holding the Quran classes, reading Nahj al-Balagha, learning foreign languages, etc. With the arrival of educational books of foreign languages such as English, Arabic, French, German, Italian, and Spanish , those interested in the languages in question would refer to captives who knew the languages pretty well and would start learning them wholeheartedly <ref name=":1" />.

=== G. Health and medical services ===
Indicated to what some people who were trained in the field of health and treatment, did for the wounded, disabled or sick prisoners. Some people with some medical knowledge and experience in health matters formed a health group , identified the sick ,and helped them by making the camp environment healthy. Due to the limitation of medicine and medical facilities, they nursed the sick captives in every way they could, and at all costs, the good fellows managed to provide medicine to them <ref>Atai, S. (2008). Travel to the city of Azadi. Tehran: Azadegan Cultural and Art Institute.</ref>.

=== E. Cultural-artistic services ===
Such as copying parts of the Qur'an, Nahj al-Balagha, Mafatih, etc. on paper sheets and distributing them among prisoners for memorization or recitation; holding competitions and entertaining programs; holding national and religious ceremonies, staging plays and song recitals, in order to set the mood of vitality and cheerfulness among the prisoners.

=== F. Financial services ===
Like helping others financially or even working for Iraqis in exchange for money and helping other prisoners who could not work.

=== J. Sports services ===
Such as holding sports competitions, teaching different sports and constructing grounds for sports activities. Martial arts were forbidden. If the instructor were caught red-handed , he would be in trouble, and yet the instructors braved every possible danger and taught interested captives indomitably<ref>Azadegan Scientific Council. (2019). Azadegan Encyclopedia: Iranian prisoners freed in the war between Iraq and Iran. Tehran: Institute of Humanities and Cultural Studies; Azadegan Cultural and Art Institute.</ref>.

== See also ==
• Services of servants of captives

• [[Education]]

• Healthcare

• Sport

== Bibliography ==
<references />

== To read more ==
Hosseinipour, S. N. (2013). The leg that remained. Tehran: Surah Mehr.

Khojaste, A. (2008). beyond the Euphrates Tehran: Shahid.

Kashanizadeh, P. (2015). I am Alireza, born in Apatan, Ch 3. Tehran: Payam Azadegan.

Nowrozi, F. (2012). hidden embankment Tehran: The Foundation for the Preservation and Publication of Sacred Defense Values.

'''Parvin Kashanizadeh'''

Servants of captives

2024-04-19T16:24:35Z

M-samiei:

Prisoners who unselfishly served their fellow prisoners.

Altruism and self-sacrifice are two words known and approved of by all classes of people, both literate and illiterate, rich and poor, responsible and irresponsible. The people of Iran, when they saw their homeland in danger, sacrificed their lives and property and fought at the frontlines with the aim of preserving the ideals and saving the homeland. From the beginning, they accepted the possibility of martyrdom, captivity and severe injuries and fought against the enemy with all their might to defend their fatherland. The front line was a clear and unique scene of sacrifice and altruism. The warriors who were captured by the enemy knew very soon that they had to keep fighting as captives too drawing on self-sacrifice and altruism. In captivity, they no longer had the right to use weapons and ammunition, and they had to tolerate everything for the pride of the country, and thus, they starved, got beaten, put to drudgery and were tortured for many days. From the first moments of captivity to the transfer to the camp, all the prisoners, both healthy and wounded, were beaten by the Iraqis, but among them there were people who shielded the wounded who had sustained severe injuries.

During the period of captivity, some of the captives made many sacrifices by looking after the sick and injured captives. The prisoners used the term "charity collectors" for these hardworking people. The servants in the camps were not only from a certain class; they ranged from militia and IRGC members and soldiers to clerics and non-clerics, all trying to help their fellow country men.

== Services ==
The services of servants can be divided into the following sections:

=== a. Selfless services ===
Such as enduring punishment and torture because of other prisoners who could not endure torture and punishment. Doing some work had a heavy punishment such as execution, but this did not scare the devoted prisoners and they voluntarily undertook these tasks. Keeping many prohibited items would lead to a severe beating and going to jail. Pencils, pens, paper, elements, etc. caused a person to be sent to prison for a long time, sometimes up to a month. But hiding the radio, after torture, had a heavy sentence and might even lead to execution. However, there were prisoners who voluntarily hid these items in the corners of the asylum. They took the risk of getting the news however it was, even by sleeping under the blanket and writing radio news, so that the rest of the prisoners could also be informed about the news of Iran <ref name=":0">Khaji, A.(2019). Description of the cage. Tehran: Azadegan Cultural and Art Institute</ref>.

=== b. Risky services ===
These services included things like standing guard so that others could hold their cultural, religious and sports sessions in complete peace. Holding speech programs, teaching Islamic rules, mourning, and especially holding congregational prayers in an environment that was strictly controlled by Iraqi forces had severe consequences. Cutting the food ration was the least punishment. Some of the prisoners took on the duty of guarding so that such programs could be held with less risk.

=== C. welfare Sevices ===
Like cooking, laundry, cleaning the sanatorium for other prisoners. Some of them volunteered to look after the sick and wounded, which was difficult , especially for the youth; as it involved things like washing the sputum dishes of patients and the elderly; washing clothes; Bathing the elderly, cleaning their ears, patching their clothes. Some took it upon themselves to clean the sanatorium and the toilet and the pipes of the sewage system, which the Iraqis often neglected, and to fill the [[water]] buckets next to the toilets so that people in worse physical conditions could rest more. In this, even doctors and educated prisoners participated voluntarily<ref name=":1">Salaminejad, A. (2008). Mayor of the camp, VOL. 2. Tehran: Azadegan Cultural and Art Institute.</ref> . Elderly prisoners who were familiar with agriculture, volunteered to grow vegetables such as tomatoes in the gardens of the camp<ref name=":0" />.

Some people volunteered to set up ovens and to run the kitchen. they took charge of everything from cooking food to distributing it. Washing the sanatorium dishes and cleaning the kitchen were voluntary. Some made a vow and to fulfill their vow, they washed the dishes of all the prisoners or the clothes of the sick and elderly. During the first years of captivity, those who volunteered to get food from the kitchen for hungry sick captives, showed insistence on that charitable work in spite of knowing that they were going to get whipped by the guards as they could not bring themselves to sit by and see their brothers starve to death. The job of some servants was to keep watch in the hospital from night to morning in order to take care of the group that had been beaten and wounded by the Iraqi forces.

=== D. Educational services ===
The services in question included such activities as holding the Quran classes, reading Nahj al-Balagha, learning foreign languages, etc. With the arrival of educational books of foreign languages such as English, Arabic, French, German, Italian, and Spanish , those interested in the languages in question would refer to captives who knew the languages pretty well and would start learning them wholeheartedly <ref name=":1" />.

=== G. Health and medical services ===
Indicated to what some people who were trained in the field of health and treatment, did for the wounded, disabled or sick prisoners. Some people with some medical knowledge and experience in health matters formed a health group , identified the sick ,and helped them by making the camp environment healthy. Due to the limitation of medicine and medical facilities, they nursed the sick captives in every way they could, and at all costs, the good fellows managed to provide medicine to them <ref>Atai, S. (2008). Travel to the city of Azadi. Tehran: Azadegan Cultural and Art Institute.</ref>.

=== E. Cultural-artistic services ===
Such as copying parts of the Qur'an, Nahj al-Balagha, Mafatih, etc. on paper sheets and distributing them among prisoners for memorization or recitation; holding competitions and entertaining programs; holding national and religious ceremonies, staging plays and song recitals, in order to set the mood of vitality and cheerfulness among the prisoners.

=== F. Financial services ===
Like helping others financially or even working for Iraqis in exchange for money and helping other prisoners who could not work.

=== J. Sports services ===
Such as holding sports competitions, teaching different sports and constructing grounds for sports activities. Martial arts were forbidden. If the instructor were caught red-handed , he would be in trouble, and yet the instructors braved every possible danger and taught interested captives indomitably<ref>Azadegan Scientific Council. (2019). Azadegan Encyclopedia: Iranian prisoners freed in the war between Iraq and Iran. Tehran: Institute of Humanities and Cultural Studies; Azadegan Cultural and Art Institute.</ref>.

== See also ==
• Services of servants of captives

• [[Education]]

• Healthcare

• Sport

== Bibliography ==

Hosseinipour, Seyyed Nasser (2013). The leg that remained. Tehran: Surah Mehr.

Khojaste, Amir (2008). beyond the Euphrates Tehran: Shahid.

Kashanizadeh, Parveen (2015). I am Alireza, born in Apatan, Ch 3. Tehran: Payam Azadegan.

Vakili, Abbas Ali and Falahati, Abbas (1374).

Nowrozi, Faramarzi (2012). hidden embankment Tehran: The Foundation for the Preservation and Publication of Sacred Defense Values.

Parvin Kashanizadeh

Servants of captives

2024-04-19T16:10:08Z

M-samiei: Created page with "Servants of captives Prisoners who unselfishly served their fellow prisoners. Altruism and self-sacrifice are two words known and approved of by all classes of people, both literate and illiterate, rich and poor, responsible and irresponsible. The people of Iran, when they saw their homeland in danger, sacrificed their lives and property and fought at the frontlines with the aim of preserving the ideals and saving the homeland. From the beginning, they accepted the pos..."

Servants of captives

Prisoners who unselfishly served their fellow prisoners.

Altruism and self-sacrifice are two words known and approved of by all classes of people, both literate and illiterate, rich and poor, responsible and irresponsible. The people of Iran, when they saw their homeland in danger, sacrificed their lives and property and fought at the frontlines with the aim of preserving the ideals and saving the homeland. From the beginning, they accepted the possibility of martyrdom, captivity and severe injuries and fought against the enemy with all their might to defend their fatherland. The front line was a clear and unique scene of sacrifice and altruism. The warriors who were captured by the enemy knew very soon that they had to keep fighting as captives too drawing on self-sacrifice and altruism. In captivity, they no longer had the right to use weapons and ammunition, and they had to tolerate everything for the pride of the country, and thus, they starved, got beaten, put to drudgery and were tortured for many days. From the first moments of captivity to the transfer to the camp, all the prisoners, both healthy and wounded, were beaten by the Iraqis, but among them there were people who shielded the wounded who had sustained severe injuries.

During the period of captivity, some of the captives made many sacrifices by looking after the sick and injured captives. The prisoners used the term "charity collectors" for these hardworking people. The servants in the camps were not only from a certain class; they ranged from militia and IRGC members and soldiers to clerics and non-clerics, all trying to help their fellow country men.

Services

The services of servants can be divided into the following sections:

a. Selfless services

Such as enduring punishment and torture because of other prisoners who could not endure torture and punishment. Doing some work had a heavy punishment such as execution, but this did not scare the devoted prisoners and they voluntarily undertook these tasks. Keeping many prohibited items would lead to a severe beating and going to jail. Pencils, pens, paper, elements, etc. caused a person to be sent to prison for a long time, sometimes up to a month. But hiding the radio, after torture, had a heavy sentence and might even lead to execution. However, there were prisoners who voluntarily hid these items in the corners of the asylum. They took the risk of getting the news however it was, even by sleeping under the blanket and writing radio news, so that the rest of the prisoners could also be informed about the news of Iran [1].

b. Risky services

These services included things like standing guard so that others could hold their cultural, religious and sports sessions in complete peace. Holding speech programs, teaching Islamic rules, mourning, and especially holding congregational prayers in an environment that was strictly controlled by Iraqi forces had severe consequences. Cutting the food ration was the least punishment. Some of the prisoners took on the duty of guarding so that such programs could be held with less risk.

P. welfare Sevices

Like cooking, laundry, cleaning the sanatorium for other prisoners. Some of them volunteered to look after the sick and wounded, which was difficult , especially for the youth; as it involved things like washing the sputum dishes of patients and the elderly; washing clothes; Bathing the elderly, cleaning their ears, patching their clothes. Some took it upon themselves to clean the sanatorium and the toilet and the pipes of the sewage system, which the Iraqis often neglected, and to fill the [[water]] buckets next to the toilets so that people in worse physical conditions could rest more. In this, even doctors and educated prisoners participated voluntarily [2]. Elderly prisoners who were familiar with agriculture, volunteered to grow vegetables such as tomatoes in the gardens of the camp [1].

Some people volunteered to set up ovens and to run the kitchen. they took charge of everything from cooking food to distributing it. Washing the sanatorium dishes and cleaning the kitchen were voluntary. Some made a vow and to fulfill their vow, they washed the dishes of all the prisoners or the clothes of the sick and elderly. During the first years of captivity, those who volunteered to get food from the kitchen for hungry sick captives, showed insistence on that charitable work in spite of knowing that they were going to get whipped by the guards as they could not bring themselves to sit by and see their brothers starve to death. The job of some servants was to keep watch in the hospital from night to morning in order to take care of the group that had been beaten and wounded by the Iraqi forces.

T. Educational services

The services in question included such activities as holding the Quran classes, reading Nahj al-Balagha, learning foreign languages, etc. With the arrival of educational books of foreign languages such as English, Arabic, French, German, Italian, and Spanish , those interested in the languages in question would refer to captives who knew the languages pretty well and would start learning them wholeheartedly [2].

Th. Health and medical services

Indicated to what some people who were trained in the field of health and treatment, did for the wounded, disabled or sick prisoners. Some people with some medical knowledge and experience in health matters formed a health group , identified the sick ,and helped them by making the camp environment healthy. Due to the limitation of medicine and medical facilities, they nursed the sick captives in every way they could, and at all costs, the good fellows managed to provide medicine to them [3].

J. Cultural-artistic services

Such as copying parts of the Qur'an, Nahj al-Balagha, Mafatih, etc. on paper sheets and distributing them among prisoners for memorization or recitation; holding competitions and entertaining programs; holding national and religious ceremonies, staging plays and song recitals, in order to set the mood of vitality and cheerfulness among the prisoners.

CH. Financial services

Like helping others financially or even working for Iraqis in exchange for money and helping other prisoners who could not work.

H. Sports services

Such as holding sports competitions, teaching different sports and constructing grounds for sports activities. Martial arts were forbidden. If the instructor were caught red-handed , he would be in trouble, and yet the instructors braved every possible danger and taught interested captives indomitably.

See also

• Services of servants of captives

• [[Education]]

• Healthcare

• Sport

Bibliography

Hosseinipour, Seyyed Nasser (2013). The leg that remained. Tehran: Surah Mehr.

Khaji, Ali (2019). Description of the cage. Tehran: Payam Azadegan.

Khojaste, Amir (2008). beyond the Euphrates Tehran: Shahid.

Salaminejad, Abdolreza (2008). Mayor of the camp, ch 2. Tehran: Payam Azadegan.

Kashanizadeh, Parveen (2015). I am Alireza, born in Apatan, Ch 3. Tehran: Payam Azadegan.

Atai, Siamak (2008). Travel to the city of Azadi. Tehran: Payam Azadegan.

Vakili, Abbas Ali and Falahati, Abbas (1374).

Nowrozi, Faramarzi (2012). hidden embankment Tehran: The Foundation for the Preservation and Publication of Sacred Defense Values.

Parvin Kashanizadeh

International law and prisoners of war

2024-04-19T15:16:50Z

M-samiei: Created page with "International law and prisoners of war International regulations related to prisoners of war. International humanitarian law is a branch of international law that defines the rules governing the conduct of warring parties in terms of the use of weapons and the protection of civilians, the wounded and prisoners of war. Regulations on how to treat prisoners of war and support them, in its current form and in the form of international documents, is an important human achi..."

International law and prisoners of war

International regulations related to prisoners of war.

International humanitarian law is a branch of international law that defines the rules governing the conduct of warring parties in terms of the use of weapons and the protection of civilians, the wounded and prisoners of war. Regulations on how to treat prisoners of war and support them, in its current form and in the form of international documents, is an important human achievement with historical roots, and especially the teachings of divine religions is one of its major components. This situation has developed gradually. In ancient and medieval times, prisoner of war did not have the meaning it has today, in those days prisoners of war were placed at the disposal of the captor or the military authorities of the captor country in terms of life and money. But today, according to international law, the captive is not in the hands of the individual or military captor, but in the hands of the government, and he must be responsible for the captive's situation. History speaks of the bitter fact that the treatment of the Europeans towards the captives of the crusades was accompanied by torture and abuse. On the contrary, the history of Islam is full of chapters and events that show the kind and humane behavior of Muslim captors towards their foreign non-Muslim captives. (Ziai Bigdali, 1391: 201-194). Our prophet`s initiative in the first battle of Muslims, specifically, setting captives free on the stipulation that they would teach Muslims how to read and write, exemplifies the above-mentioned fact. However, the movement to prepare international documents for the protection of prisoners of war began in the contemporary era of European civil wars with the help of the Red Cross humanitarian movement and philanthropists such as Henri Dunant of Switzerland, and was followed by the global movement of the Red Cross and Red Crescent societies. . The start of both the first and second world wars in Europe and the indescribable both financial and moral losses, including the captivity of millions of people in these wars, provided the intellectual and practical grounds for welcoming this humanitarian movement.

Legal resources

The rules of dealing with prisoners of war, which had historical roots and were often in use as conventions, have been specified in the form of international documents, the most important of which are as follows:

- The Geneva Convention of July 7, 1929 regarding the improvement of the war prisoners conditions.

- Third Geneva Convention of August 12, 1949 regarding the treatment of prisoners of war.

- 1977 additional protocols to the 1949 Geneva Quadrilateral Conventions.

- A set of conventional rules of international humanitarian law (Rules 118 to 128), compiled by a panel of experts in international humanitarian law under the auspices and supervision of the International Committee of the Red Cross.

The concept of a prisoner of war

According to Article 2 of the Third Geneva Convention, this document is dedicated to international hostilities, i.e. military conflicts between states, as a result, prisoners of war who enjoy the protection of this treaty and other Geneva documents are only combatants detained in international hostilities. Therefore, prisoners of war in internal armed conflicts are not regarded as prisoners of war and are under the protection of the internal laws of the country of conflict, international human rights , conventional rules and humanitarian principles. Of course, military conflicts in which liberation movements participate on behalf of a nation to fulfil its destiny and terminate colonialism or military occupation or racial discrimination are considered instances of an international conflict (Paragraph 4 of Article 1 of the 1st Additional Protocol of 1977). And the fighters arrested in this type of conflict are considered prisoners of war. According to Article 4 of the Third Geneva Convention of 1949 and Articles 43 and 44 of the First Additional Protocol of 1977, the following persons who fall into the hands of the enemy are prisoners of war:

- Members of the armed forces and volunteers who are among the aforementioned armed forces.

- Guerrillas and other volunteer forces and members of resistance movements affiliated with one side of the conflict, provided that they have a responsible commandership and, distinctive signs and insignia such as special uniforms, and that they openly carry weapons and observe the laws of war.

- Civilian employees of the armed forces, such as the employees of war planes, back up forces , war correspondents and similar cases.

- Employees of commercial marine and civil aviation forces of warring parties.

- Residents of occupied territories who suddenly and without regular organization take up arms to fight the enemy.

The following persons are also entitled to enjoy the regulations governing the treatment of prisoners of war:

- Members of the armed forces of the occupied country who are detained in the occupied territories.

- Military detainees in a neutral country.

- Members of non-combatant medical personnel who are part of the armed forces.

- If there is any doubt about the status of a detainee, the competent court of the detaining country will make a decision. Spies and mercenaries do not have the status of prisoners of war.

- A person who takes part in war and yet, is not regarded as a prisoner of war, should enjoy the basic rights of respect concerning human character, in addition to the rights stated in the 4th convention.

Supporting prisoners of war

The general lines of protection for prisoners of war based on the Third Geneva Convention and the First Additional Protocol of 1977 are as follows:

- Prisoners of war are at the disposal of the enemy government, not at the disposal of the persons or forces that captured them. Therefore, regardless of any personal responsibility that may exist, the detaining government is responsible for the treatment of the prisoners in question.

- Prisoners of war must be treated humanely at all times.

Human behavior has the following aspects:

- Enjoying respect, honor and personal dignity (Article 14 of the Third Convention and Article 75 of the First Additional Protocol).

- Respecting physical integrity and the prohibition of murder (Article 75 of the First Additional Protocol).

- Prohibition of any illegal act that causes the death or severe health risk of the captive (Article 13 of the Third Geneva Convention).

- Prohibition of any type of surgery or medical or scientific experiment on a prisoner without permission for medical treatment or without the prisoner benefiting from it(Ibid).

- Protection against torture and acts of violence (Ibid).

- Prohibition of retaliatory measures in interaction with prisoners (Ibid).

- Treating captives with an egalitarian attitude regardless of race, nationality, religion, political convictions, and the like, unless there are advantages involving the rank and gender of the captives (Article 16 of the Third Geneva Convention).

Conditions of keeping prisoners of war

- The detaining government is responsible for the maintenance and welfare of prisoners free of charge. Having adequate shelter, food and clothing and medical care (Article 15 of the Third Geneva Convention).

- Freedom to perform religious duties, sports and intellectual activities (Articles 34 and 38 of the Third Geneva Convention).

- The services of war prisoners excluding high ranking officers can be engaged. Prisoners should not be forced to perform military activities, or tasks endangering their health or that can be viewed degrading. (Articles 49 and 52 of the Third Geneva Convention).

- The right to receive aid from relief and humanitarian institutions (Article 63 of the Third Convention).

- The right to appoint representatives of prisoners of war to participate in the management of their affairs (Article 79 of the Third Convention).

- Prisoners should entitled to inform their families and the central department of the International Committee of the Red Cross about their captivity. (Article 70 of the Third Geneva Convention).

- The prisoners have the right to refer their complaints and requests to the representatives of the supporting forces, such as the representatives of the International Committee of the Red Cross, who visit their camp, or to talk and negotiate directly or through their representatives (Article 78 of the Third Geneva Convention)

Military rules and regulations

According to Article 82 of the Third Geneva Convention, prisoners of war shall be subjected to the laws, regulations and order implemented by the armed forces of the detaining government. Therefore, disciplinary punishments are applied by the commander of the detention center and according to the prevailing military regulations. However, judicial punishments must be enforced by a military court with procedural guarantees that respect the judicial rights of prisoners being trialed, including the right of defense.

Death of a prisoner of war

In case of death of a prisoner of war, burial conditions should be respected and if possible the prisoner of war in question should be buried according to his religious principles and his grave should not be violated. The deceased prisoner's information should be recorded and his grave should bear signs enabling his descendants to find it readily.

Release and return of captives

Prisoners of war, who are seriously ill or wounded according to the doctor's opinion, should be sent directly to their country; According to Article 118 of the Third Geneva Convention, prisoners of war must be released and returned to their country immediately after the end of active hostilities. All the same, in most wars, prisoners of war have remained in prison camps long after the end of the war; What's more, there are always issues and differences between the governments of the warring parties beyond the release of captives.

National implementation of regulations for the protection of prisoners of war

Currently, most of the countries are members of the 1949 Geneva Quadrilateral Conventions and are committed to take the necessary measures at the national level to implement the regulations of these documents. The third convention on the treatment of prisoners of war has the same status and is considered as the national law of these countries. Devising and confirmation of national regulations governing the protection of war prisoners, issuing military injunctions for the armed forces regarding the treatment of prisoners of war, concluding an agreement and cooperating with the International Committee of the Red Cross to visit prisoners of war detention centers, and the existence of a national institution to find out if those regulations have been enforced or not, are the arrangements that are foreseen in the field of humanitarian rights implementation, including the regulations for the protection of captives.

International organizations and prisoners of war

The United Nations is the most important international organization that is expected to be active in monitoring the implementation of international rules related to prisoners of war. In the war between Iraq and Iran, due to the positions of the chief members of the United Nations Security Council, outstanding and even acceptable performance was not observed in the field of monitoring the implementation of humanitarian regulations during the war. However, in some cases, actions have been taken prompted by public opinion and interests of these members. Sending the research team of this organization to investigate the situation of war prisoners of Iran and Iraq in the middle years of the war is one of these measures, a brief description of which is provided.

United Nations Special Committee on the situation of Iranian and Iraqi prisoners

After the incident of the Iraqi prisoner of war camp in Gorgan on October 10th, 1984), the Iraqi government requested Xavier Perez Dekoyar then the Secretary General of the UN to conduct an investigation into this matter on October 25th, 1984), and the Islamic Republic of Iran also agreed to such an investigation provided that there would be a cross-examination of Iranian prisoners of war camps in Iraq.

The Secretary General appointed a delegation composed of international jurists and experts and this delegation visited Iraq between 11th and 17th of January 1985 and visited Iran within 18th to 25th of January 1985 and submitted their report to the Secretary General of the United Nations on February 9th, 1985 and the mentioned report was published with the following specifications: UN.Doc/s/1696, 22 February 1985

In paragraph 115 of the February 22, 1985 report of this commission, it is stated: "During our visits to the POW camps in Iraq, we have seen and heard many examples of physical violence and ill-treatment in the camps." These violences were mainly attributed to prison guards. The frequency and similarity of these claims lead us to the conclusion that the violence and brutality of the guards is a common thing in most of the POW camps in Iraq. (UN.DOC/s/16962, 22 February 1985, Para, 115) In paragraphs 58 to 62 of its report, the said panel also stated the cause of the conflict on July 26, 1985 in Camp No. 1 of Mosul, which resulted in the death of two prisoners and a number of others was injured due to overcrowding of prisoners in sanatoriums, ill-treatment and being locked up in corridors as mass punishment. (UN.DOC/S/16962, 22 February 1985, Para, 62) Regarding the incident in Camp No. 2 in Mosul, which resulted in the martyrdom of 4 people and the wounding of a number of prisoners, the UN delegation said in paragraph 62 of its report: "The incident in Camp No. 2 of Mosul took place when all the prisoners were locked in their sanatoriums without food or [[water]]." (Ibid, Para, 62)

The report of this panel in the final conclusion section also emphasizes the occurrence of torture and physical punishments in the Iranian prisoners of war camps in Iraq in paragraph 271 (Ibid, Para, 271) and in paragraph b of paragraph 293 of the final section of the report : "Corporal punishment and any kind of physical abuse, as well as the execution of mass punishments, should be prohibited. And measures should be taken to prevent the widespread use of force by camp guards. (Ibid, Para, 293)

International humanitarian organizations

Articles 9 and 10 of the Third Geneva Convention foresee the supervision, cooperation and activity of a neutral humanitarian organization, including the International Committee of the Red Cross, in the implementation of the regulations related to prisoners of war. The member countries have acknowledged its monitoring position due to the relatively independent and impartial principles and performance of this organization in international conflicts. This organization, which is a non-governmental organization, without entering the source of conflicts and publicly commenting on the behavior of governments, provides the basis for the trust of government parties and has made its presence felt in all wars by visiting the camps of prisoners of war and rendering its services. . ( Red Cross)

International criminal courts

The guarantee of the criminal implementation of humanitarian regulations, including the field of treatment of prisoners of war, is dependent on the criminalization of these behaviors and the consideration of punishment for these acts. International courts with jurisdiction over these crimes, along with domestic courts, are extremely important in this matter. The establishment of the special criminal court of the former Yugoslavia, with the determination of international crimes, including war crimes, in its statute, was an important achievement which by trying the war crimes committed by some of the Serbian leaders and military commanders and their punishment, paved the way for the formation of Rwanda court and other criminal courts. The establishment of the International Criminal Court as a global court marks the evolution point of this movement. Article 8 of the statute of this court has established war crimes and according to this article, killing, torture, forcing prisoners of war to serve in the military forces of the warring parties, intentionally depriving prisoners of war of the right to a fair and legal trial are considered war crimes. In any case, although the qualification and entry into the proceedings of this court are subject to certain conditions and regulations, it is assumed as an important achievement for the implementation of humanitarian rights.

bibliography

International humanitarian law governing the protection of individuals in armed conflicts (Geneva Document Collection), National Humanitarian Rights Committee of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Siah Rostami and others (compiled and translated), Tehran, 2009, Hilal Institute of Higher [[Education]] of Iran.

Ziyai Bigdali, Mohammad Reza (2019). Islam and international law. Tehran: Ganj Danesh.

Ziyai Begdali, Mohammad Reza (2012). International humanitarian law. Tehran: Ganj Danesh.

Ghasemi, Gholam Ali (2016). Challenges facing the Third Convention of 1949 with an emphasis on the war between Iraq and Iran. Proceedings of Iran and International Law Conference. Qom: Qom University.

International Committee of the Red Cross, Basic Rules of the Geneva Conventions of 1949 and Additional Protocols of 1977 (1390), Hajar Siah Rostami (translator),Secretariat of the National Humanitarian Rights Committee, Tehran.

Henkertz, Jean-Marie and Duswaldick, Louis (1387). Translated by the International Affairs Office of the Judiciary of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the International Committee of the Red Cross, Tehran: Majd Publications/The Geneva Conventions and their additional protocols, available at: www.icrc.org/en/war and law

Gholam Ali Ghasemi

Iraq's imposed war on Iran(first stage)

2024-04-19T15:07:52Z

M-samiei: /* See also */

The first stage of Iraq's imposed war against Iran, from the invasion to the retreat of Iraq, starts on 21st of September 1980 and ends at the end of June 1982.

The Iraqi military planners had imagined that Iran's weakened army, the political and social chaos caused by the revolutionary developments, the Arab stock of the people of Khuzestan, and international support would ensure a quick and easy advance for them. But due to the scattered resistance of the armed forces and of course the resistance of the Iranian people, the Iraqi army was only able to maintain its aggressive posture for a month and a half and then it stopped.

== Occupied cities ==
At this stage, the cities of Naft Shahr, Qasr Shirin, Mehran, Somar, Bostan, Hoveyze, Khorramshahr, Musian, Nosud, Feke region and more than 3,000 villages were captured by Iraq and 13,600 square kilometers of Iranian territory were occupied. In this invasion, although a part of western Khuzestan fell into the hands of the enemy, Iraq could not capture important cities such as Abadan, Dezful, Shush and Ahvaz, as well as the oil refineries of Khuzestan.

After the Iraqi attacks stopped, the army planned and implemented four large-scale operations during the first four months of the war, with the aim of destroying the enemy and recapturing the occupied territories, but none of the mentioned operations were implemented.

== The four operations of the first stage ==
With the beginning of the second year of the war and the strong presence of the IRGC alongside the army, four major operations were planned and executed by these two forces; The operations that finally led to the complete liberation of the occupied territories, were:

1. Samen-ol Aeme operation (north of Abadan) on September 22nd 1981

2. Operation Tariq al-Quds (general area of Bostan) on November 28th 1981

3. Operation of Fatah ol-Mobin (west of Shush and Dezful) on March 21st 1982

4. Beyt-ol Moghaddas operation (Khorramshahr general area) on April 29th 1982.

== Liberation in operation ==
In these four operations, more than 8500 square kilometers of the occupied lands were liberated . After the liberation of Khorramshahr, the Iraqi army suggested a ceasefire while voluntarily withdrawing from some other occupied territories. But Iran, which still saw 2,500 square kilometers of its land under the control of the enemy, rejected this proposal<ref>Azadegan Scientific Council. (2019). Azadegan Encyclopedia: Iranian prisoners freed in the war between Iraq and Iran. Tehran: Institute of Humanities and Cultural Studies; Azadegan's message</ref>.

== See also ==

* [[Iraq's imposed war on Iran]]
* [[Iraq's imposed war on Iran(second stage)]]
* [[Iraq's imposed war on Iran(third level)]]

== Bibliography ==
[[fa:جنگ تحمیلی عراق علیه ایران(مرحله اول)]]
<references />Mustafa Rahimi

Iraq's imposed war on Iran

2024-04-19T15:06:54Z

M-samiei: /* See also */

An overview of the background, history and course of events of Iraq's imposed war on Iran.

Iran is located in Southwest Asia with an area of 1,648,195 square kilometers. Iran has a common land border with seven countries: Turkey and Iraq in the west, Azerbaijan and Armenia in the northwest, Turkmenistan in the north, and Afghanistan and Pakistan in the east. She also has sea borders with the eight following countries, Russia and Kazakhstan in the north exactly at the Caspian Sea, and with Kuwait, Saudi Arabia. Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Oman and Bahrain in the south in the Persian Gulf. 98% of Iranian people are Muslims. In 1980, Iran had a population of about 36 million people and its economy was heavily dependent on oil. In the winter of 1978, the monarchy collapsed in this country and the new system of the Islamic Republic was established.

But Iraq, with an area of 437,072 square kilometers, is one of Iran's western neighbors. This country shares a land border with the countries of Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Syria and Turkey. However, it has the longest border with Iran for totally 1,336 km: 1,252 km land border and 84 km sea border (Arvandrud). The coast of Iraq in the Persian Gulf is limited and has access to open waters only through Arvand and Khor Abdullah rivers. Most of Iraq's population centers, economic facilities, military centers, and sensitive areas are located around the Tigris and Euphrates rivers and at a relatively short distance from Iran's borders. Baghdad, the capital of Iraq, is also only 100 kilometers away from the border. 96% of Iraqis are Muslims. Of these, 60 to 65 percent are Shiites and the rest are Sunnis. Iraq had a population of about 13 million people in 1980, and its economy, like Iran, relied on oil sales.

== Historical records of border disputes ==
Border disputes between Iran and Iraq have a historical background and go back to the reign of Ottoman kings. The conclusion of numerous treaties, including Kurdistan (1746 AD), Erzurum I (1823 AD) and Erzurum II (1847 AD) go to show the continuation of these disputes for many years. In 1920 following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, the independent state of Iraq was established. Even so, border disputes with Iran more or less continued. When the Baath party came to power in Iraq (July 1968), the border disputes between the two countries flared up. so that from 1971 to 1975 The borders of the two countries witnessed numerous conflicts. In the meantime, the main difference was about the sovereignty or undisputed control over Arvandrud (rud in Farsi means river) Finally, in 1975, with the mediation of the Algerian government, Iran and Iraq signed the Treaty of Good Neighborhood. According to this agreement, the land borders were determined; The [[water]] borders were determined based on the Talweg line (Talweg is an imaginary line that divides the water of the river into two equal parts) and the parties pledged to have strict and effective control over their borders to prevent sabotage.

In February 1978, the Islamic revolution of the Iranian people led by Imam Khomeini came to fruition; The Pahlavi monarchy was overthrown and the Islamic Republic system was established after the referendum on April 12, 1979. Five months later, on July 15th, 1979, Saddam Hussein started working as the president of Iraq. He, who deemed the content of the 1975 Algerian agreement against the national interests of Iraqis, took full advantage of Iran's socio-political situation and from the summer of 1979, with the development of border conflicts, increased the possibility of Iraq tilting towards the option of war with Iran. From the time Saddam Hussein came to power in Iraq, until the official start of the war, the Iraqi army committed 480 land border violations and 150 air border violations against Iran. In fact, the Iraqi government entered into the war with Iran with three goals: gaining complete control over Arvandrud, separating Khuzestan from Iranian soil and, if possible, overthrowing the Islamic Republic government. Finally, on September 17, 1980, Saddam Hussein canceled the 1975 Algerian agreement in front of television cameras, and four days later, he officially started the war against Iran.

When the Iraqi army attacked Iran, it had 12 divisions and 15 independent brigades. This army was also equipped with 2500 tanks, 2300 personnel carriers and 1500 field guns. It had 366 military planes, 300 of which were fighters, and 872 operational pilots were ready to pilot these planes. On the other hand, the combat power of the Army of the Islamic Republic of Iran, affected by the problems caused by the Islamic Revolution, was reduced to 4 divisions with low combat readiness. Although this force had 2,810 tanks and personnel carriers and 1,000 field guns, it was not able to use these facilities due to the lack of personnel. The air force, which had only 60 thousand people out of its 100 thousand organizational forces, despite having 447 types of war planes, was not able to use all its planes. Meanwhile, the navy was the only force that, despite all the problems, had a significant advantage over the Iraqi navy. The Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, which was established in May 1979, with less than 30,000 personnel, was mostly engaged in urban missions and fighting counter-revolutionary forces in the crisis-stricken areas of the country.

Finally, at 13:30 on 17th of September, 1979, the Iraqi army began its massive attack on 10 air bases, including Tehran's Mehrabad Airport. At the same time, the army forces advanced along the border strip. Iraq's military strategy at this stage was designed based on a quick and short-term war. On the southern front between Arvand's entrance to the Persian Gulf and Dehloran, the 3rd Iraqi Corps consisting of five divisions was deployed . The southern front, which included the province of Khuzestan, was of particular importance in Iraq's military strategy and actually formed their main target as it embodied sub- targets such as Dezful, Andimeshk, Shush, Ahvaz, Sosangard, Khorramshahr and Abadan. Iraq's goal in this front was to capture Khuzestan. In the middle front, which included the distance between Dehloran

and the south of Darbandikhan, the Second Iraqi Corps had an advance mission with three divisions. Iraq's goal in this area was to achieve a secure defense line to protect Baghdad. But the responsibility of the northern front, which included Darbandikhan as far as Oshnaviye, was entrusted to the 1st Corps consisting of two divisions, and its purpose in this front was to intensify unrest in Kurdistan and strengthen local and counter-revolutionary forces. The imposed war can be assumed to consist of three stages as follows:

== '''The first stage, from''' the invasion to the retreat of Iraq (17th of September 1980 to the end of June 1982) ==
The Iraqi military planners had imagined that Iran's weakened army, the political and social chaos caused by the revolutionary developments, the Arab stock of the people of Khuzestan, and international support would ensure a quick and easy advance for them. But due to the scattered resistance of the armed forces and of course the resistance of the Iranian people, the Iraqi army was only able to maintain its aggressive posture for a month and a half and then it stopped. At this stage, the cities of Naft Shahr, Qasr Shirin, Mehran, Somar, Bostan, Hoveyze, Khorramshahr, Musian, Nosud, Feke region and more than 3,000 villages were captured by Iraq and 13,600 square kilometers of Iranian territory were occupied. In this invasion, although a part of western Khuzestan fell into the hands of the enemy, Iraq could not capture important cities such as Abadan, Dezful, Shush and Ahvaz, as well as the oil refineries of Khuzestan.

After the Iraqi attacks stopped, the army planned and implemented four large-scale operations during the first four months of the war, with the aim of destroying the enemy and recapturing the occupied territories, but none of the mentioned operations were implemented.

With the beginning of the second year of the war and the strong presence of the IRGC alongside the army, four major operations were planned and executed by these two forces; The operations that finally led to the complete liberation of the occupied territories, were:

1. Samen-ol Aeme operation (north of Abadan) on September 22nd 1981

2. Operation Tariq al-Quds (general area of Bostan) on November 28th 1981

3. Operation of Fatah ol-Mobin (west of Shush and Dezful) on March 21st 1982

4. Beyt-ol Moghaddas operation (Khorramshahr general area) on April 29th 1982

In these four operations, more than 8500 square kilometers of the occupied lands were liberated . After the liberation of Khorramshahr, the Iraqi army suggested a ceasefire while voluntarily withdrawing from some other occupied territories. But Iran, which still saw 2,500 square kilometers of its land under the control of the enemy, rejected this proposal.

== The second stage, chasing the Intruder (from the beginning of July 1982 to April 15th, 1988) ==
Iran's armed forces, who now saw the enemy in a passive position, sought to punish the intruder inside Iraqi territory based on four strategies:

1. Making Iraqi forces retreat from Iran's borders and securing the western regions of the country.

2. Cutting off the north-south communication route of Iraq, capturing Basra and cutting off Iraq's connection with the Persian Gulf.

3. Seizing oil-rich and important cities in northern Iraq such as Kirkuk and Sulaymaniyah.

4. Moving towards Baghdad and overthrowing Saddam Hussein's regime.

However, the failure of major operations such as Ramadan (July 12th 1982) in the east of Basra, Pre- Fajr (February 5th 1982) in Fakka, Fajr One (April 9th 1983) in the north of Fakka, Kheybar (February 21st 1983) Badr (February 10th 1984) in Hur-ol-Hoveyze, Badr caused the Iranian military strategists to dispute with each other. In the meantime, some wanted to continue the war until the fall of Saddam Hussein, but others believed that after a great victory and the occupation of a sensitive area of Iraqi territory, the war should end. These failures, of course, caused another problem, and that was the emergence of differences between the commanders of the army and the Revolutionary Guards; In such a way that each commander determined to plan and implement the the operation separately.

In February 1985, Iran's armed forces during the military operation called Valfajr 8 captured the strategic harbor Fav, and in this way, Iraq was deprived of its only coast in the Persian Gulf. A year later during the 5th Karbala operation, Shalamche area in Iraqi territory was attacked by Iran with the aim of threatening the city of Basra, which did not bring complete victory. Iran's military planners, who considered it difficult and expensive to continue operations in the south due to Iraq's knowledge of all available operational solutions and the lack of opportunities to surprise the enemy, focused on the northwest of the country to increase their chances of capturing important targets in that area, and to drag a part of the enemy's forces to the northern front. Therefore, from the beginning of 1987 to the end of April 1988, major operations such as Karbala 10 (April 13th 1987) in the general area of Mavoot, Iraq, Beyt-ol-Moghaddas 2 (January 14th 1987) in Mavoot, Wal-Fajr 10 (March 14th 1987) were implemented in Halabche, Iraq. These operations did not produce good and permanent results due to the extensive use of chemical bombs and explosives by Iraqis even though some cities of Kurdish Iraq too were seized by our forces. In this situation, although the war was followed in the geography of Iraq, but by expanding the war to the Persian Gulf and the cities of Iran, Iraq had greatly increased the vulnerability of Iran in the war.

== '''The third stage,''' the re-invasion of Iraq and the end of the war (from mid-April 1988 to August 19th 1988) ==
Iraq, which after withdrawing from Khorramshahr, had started a wide reconstruction of its combat organization, with the prolongation of the war and Iran's inability to continue effective and efficient operations, entered the field again in the role of an aggressive intruder. On April 28th 1988, the city of Faw fell into the hands of Iraqi forces again. A few days later, Majnoon Islands and Shalamcheh were occupied following the massive attack of Iraqi forces. Iran, pressed by Iraq's all-out invasion, and their attacks on oil platforms and civilian planes on July 17th 1988 in order to end the war, sent a letter to the Secretary General of the United Nations and announced its agreement with Resolution 598 of this organization. In this resolution, Iran's minimum demands, including unconditional withdrawal to international borders, determination of the Intruder and payment of war damages, were taken into consideration. But Iraq, finding Iran in a weak position, attacked Sherhani, Zubaydat, and Khorramshahr and advanced as far as Ahvaz. At first, Iraq occupied Sar-e Pol-e-Zahab and Eslam Abad with the help of the followers of Mojahedin-e-Khalgh organization (The Hypocrites), but with the resistance of Iranian forces, was forced to retreat.

Finally, Iraq was forced to accept Resolution 598 on August 5th 1988 and a nationwide ceasefire was established under the supervision of the United Nations from the morning of August 19th 1988.

During the years of war, Iran planned and effected 182 operations against Iraqi forces; Of these, 24 operations were extensive, 30 operations semi-extensive, 54 operations limited, and 74 operations were carried out using guerilla methods.

What the 8 year war brought on Iran included 218,867 martyrs, 399,174 handicapped people, and 44,863 captives, and not to mention the economic losses which were estimated to be one thousand billion dollars. Iraq too had incurred many a loss and damage, namely 400000 Iraqis had got killed and injured, there were 68,830 Iraqis in captivity , and the economic losses amounted to 800 billion dollars.

On Friday, August 26th 1990, the process of exchanging prisoners between the two governments of the Islamic Republic of Iran and Iraq began and ended after a few days<ref>Azadegan Scientific Council. (2019). Azadegan Encyclopedia: Iranian prisoners freed in the war between Iraq and Iran. Tehran: Institute of Humanities and Cultural Studies; Azadegan's message</ref>.

== See also ==

* Hypocrites

* resistance
* [[Iraq's imposed war on Iran(first stage)]]
* [[Iraq's imposed war on Iran(second stage)]]
* [[Iraq's imposed war on Iran(third level)]]

== Bibliography ==
[[fa:جنگ تحمیلی عراق علیه ایران]]
<references />
==To read more==
Alaei, Hossein (2012). The course of the Iran-Iraq war. Volume 1, Tehran: Merz and Bom.

Dari, Hassan (2009). Record of land battles. Tehran: IRGC War Studies and Research Center.,

Darvishi, Farhad (2013). Iran-Iraq War: Questions and Answers. Tehran: IRGC War Studies and Research Center.

Drodian, M.(1999). War; Restore stability. Tehran: IRGC War Studies and Research Center.

Drodian, M. (2001). A glimpse of the Iran-Iraq War, Tehran: IRGC War Studies and Research Center.

Geography of peace on the Iran-Iraq border (2013). Retrieved from the website of the Holy Defense Science and [[Education]] Research Institute.

Jafari Veldani, A. (1987). "Historical study of Iran-Iraq border dispute". Journal of Foreign Policy, Mehr and Azar (pp. 655-680).

Ismailzadeh, Z. (2009). "Theory of rational choice; Analysis of the causes of the end of the war between Iraq and Iran". Nagin Iran Quarterly, Volume 8, Number 29. Porjabari, P. (2011). The war according to the commander, Mohsen Rezaei's memoirs. Tehran: The Foundation for the Preservation and Publication of Sacred Defense Values.

Mansouri Larijani, I. (2001). History of Holy Defense. Tehran: Slimi.

Mokhtari, M. (2013). "Investigation of the military developments of the Iran-Iraq war at the end of the war". Defense of the Holy Journal, second year, number 6 (pp. 7-70)

Moin Waziri, N. (2006). An analysis of the events of the Khuzestan operation scene in the first year of the war. Tehran: Organization for the Preservation and Publication of Aja Sacred Defense Values.

Nazeri, Z. (2014). "Report of the review meeting of Iran's Diplomacy book and Resolution 598". Nagin Iran Quarterly, Year 13, Number 49 (pp. 231-215).

Yazdan Pham, M. (2010). "Iran-Iraq War: Victory/Defeat". Retrieved from the website of the Holy Defense Science and Education Research Institute.

'''Mustafa Rahimi'''
<references />

Iraq's imposed war on Iran(third level)

2024-04-19T15:02:46Z

M-samiei:

The third stage of Iraq's imposed war against Iran, Iraq's re-invasion and the end of the war, which started in mid-April 1988 t and lasted until August 19th 1988.Iraq, which after withdrawing from Khorramshahr, had started a wide reconstruction of its combat organization, with the prolongation of the war and Iran's inability to continue effective and efficient operations, entered the field again in the role of an aggressive intruder.

== April 28th 1988 ==
On April 28th 1988, the city of Faw fell into the hands of Iraqi forces again. A few days later, Majnoon Islands and Shalamcheh were occupied following the massive attack of Iraqi forces. Iran, pressed by Iraq's all-out invasion, and their attacks on oil platforms and civilian planes on July 17th 1988 in order to end the war, sent a letter to the Secretary General of the United Nations and announced its agreement with Resolution 598 of this organization. In this resolution, Iran's minimum demands, including unconditional withdrawal to international borders, determination of the Intruder and payment of war damages, were taken into consideration. But Iraq, finding Iran in a weak position, attacked Sherhani, Zubaydat, and Khorramshahr and advanced as far as Ahvaz. At first, Iraq occupied Sar-e Pol-e-Zahab and Eslam Abad with the help of the followers of Mojahedin-e-Khalgh organization (The Hypocrites), but with the resistance of Iranian forces, was forced to retreat.

== August 5th 1988 ==
Finally, Iraq was forced to accept Resolution 598 on August 5th 1988 and a nationwide ceasefire was established under the supervision of the United Nations from the morning of August 19th 1988.

== The end of the war ==
During the years of war, Iran planned and effected 182 operations against Iraqi forces; Of these, 24 operations were extensive, 30 operations semi-extensive, 54 operations limited, and 74 operations were carried out using guerilla methods.

What the 8 year war brought on Iran included 218,867 martyrs, 399,174 handicapped people, and 44,863 captives, and not to mention the economic losses which were estimated to be one thousand billion dollars. Iraq too had incurred many a loss and damage, namely 400000 Iraqis had got killed and injured, there were 68,830 Iraqis in captivity ,and the economic losses amounted to 800 billion dollars.

On Friday, August 26th 1990, the process of exchanging prisoners between the two governments of the Islamic Republic of Iran and Iraq began and ended after a few days<ref>Azadegan Scientific Council. (2019). Azadegan Encyclopedia: Iranian prisoners freed in the war between Iraq and Iran. Tehran: Institute of Humanities and Cultural Studies; 's Payamehe Azadegan Cultural and Art Institute.</ref>.

== See also ==

* [[Iraq's imposed war on Iran]]

* [[Iraq's imposed war on Iran(first stage)]]

* [[Iraq's imposed war on Iran(second stage)]]

== Bibliography ==
<references />Mustafa Rahimi
[[fa:جنگ تحمیلی عراق علیه ایران( مرحله سوم)]]

Iraq's imposed war on Iran(third level)

2024-04-19T15:01:50Z

M-samiei: /* Bibliography */

Iraq's imposed war on Iran(third level)

2024-04-19T15:00:57Z

M-samiei:

The third stage of Iraq's imposed war against Iran, Iraq's re-invasion and the end of the war, which started in mid-April 1988 t and lasted until August 19th 1988.Iraq, which after withdrawing from Khorramshahr, had started a wide reconstruction of its combat organization, with the prolongation of the war and Iran's inability to continue effective and efficient operations, entered the field again in the role of an aggressive intruder.

== April 28th 1988 ==
On April 28th 1988, the city of Faw fell into the hands of Iraqi forces again. A few days later, Majnoon Islands and Shalamcheh were occupied following the massive attack of Iraqi forces. Iran, pressed by Iraq's all-out invasion, and their attacks on oil platforms and civilian planes on July 17th 1988 in order to end the war, sent a letter to the Secretary General of the United Nations and announced its agreement with Resolution 598 of this organization. In this resolution, Iran's minimum demands, including unconditional withdrawal to international borders, determination of the Intruder and payment of war damages, were taken into consideration. But Iraq, finding Iran in a weak position, attacked Sherhani, Zubaydat, and Khorramshahr and advanced as far as Ahvaz. At first, Iraq occupied Sar-e Pol-e-Zahab and Eslam Abad with the help of the followers of Mojahedin-e-Khalgh organization (The Hypocrites), but with the resistance of Iranian forces, was forced to retreat.

== August 5th 1988 ==
Finally, Iraq was forced to accept Resolution 598 on August 5th 1988 and a nationwide ceasefire was established under the supervision of the United Nations from the morning of August 19th 1988.

== The end of the war ==
During the years of war, Iran planned and effected 182 operations against Iraqi forces; Of these, 24 operations were extensive, 30 operations semi-extensive, 54 operations limited, and 74 operations were carried out using guerilla methods.

What the 8 year war brought on Iran included 218,867 martyrs, 399,174 handicapped people, and 44,863 captives, and not to mention the economic losses which were estimated to be one thousand billion dollars. Iraq too had incurred many a loss and damage, namely 400000 Iraqis had got killed and injured, there were 68,830 Iraqis in captivity , and the economic losses amounted to 800 billion dollars.

On Friday, August 26th 1990, the process of exchanging prisoners between the two governments of the Islamic Republic of Iran and Iraq began and ended after a few days<ref>Azadegan Scientific Council. (2019). Azadegan Encyclopedia: Iranian prisoners freed in the war between Iraq and Iran. Tehran: Institute of Humanities and Cultural Studies; 's Payamehe Azadegan Cultural and Art Institute.</ref>.

== See also ==

* [[Iraq's imposed war on Iran]]

* [[Iraq's imposed war on Iran(first stage)]]

* [[Iraq's imposed war on Iran(second stage)]]

== Bibliography ==

Iraq's imposed war on Iran(third level)

2024-04-19T14:53:24Z

M-samiei: Created page with "'''The third stage,''' the re-invasion of Iraq and the end of the war (from mid-April 1988 to August 19th 1988) Iraq, which after withdrawing from Khorramshahr, had started a wide reconstruction of its combat organization, with the prolongation of the war and Iran's inability to continue effective and efficient operations, entered the field again in the role of an aggressive intruder. On April 28th 1988, the city of Faw fell into the hands of Iraqi forces aga..."

'''The third stage,''' the re-invasion of Iraq and the end of the war (from mid-April 1988 to August 19th 1988)

Iraq, which after withdrawing from Khorramshahr, had started a wide reconstruction of its combat organization, with the prolongation of the war and Iran's inability to continue effective and efficient operations, entered the field again in the role of an aggressive intruder. On April 28th 1988, the city of Faw fell into the hands of Iraqi forces again. A few days later, Majnoon Islands and Shalamcheh were occupied following the massive attack of Iraqi forces. Iran, pressed by Iraq's all-out invasion, and their attacks on oil platforms and civilian planes on July 17th 1988 in order to end the war, sent a letter to the Secretary General of the United Nations and announced its agreement with Resolution 598 of this organization. In this resolution, Iran's minimum demands, including unconditional withdrawal to international borders, determination of the Intruder and payment of war damages, were taken into consideration. But Iraq, finding Iran in a weak position, attacked Sherhani, Zubaydat, and Khorramshahr and advanced as far as Ahvaz. At first, Iraq occupied Sar-e Pol-e-Zahab and Eslam Abad with the help of the followers of Mojahedin-e-Khalgh organization (The Hypocrites), but with the resistance of Iranian forces, was forced to retreat.

Finally, Iraq was forced to accept Resolution 598 on August 5th 1988 and a nationwide ceasefire was established under the supervision of the United Nations from the morning of August 19th 1988.

During the years of war, Iran planned and effected 182 operations against Iraqi forces; Of these, 24 operations were extensive, 30 operations semi-extensive, 54 operations limited, and 74 operations were carried out using guerilla methods.

What the 8 year war brought on Iran included 218,867 martyrs, 399,174 handicapped people, and 44,863 captives, and not to mention the economic losses which were estimated to be one thousand billion dollars. Iraq too had incurred many a loss and damage, namely 400000 Iraqis had got killed and injured, there were 68,830 Iraqis in captivity , and the economic losses amounted to 800 billion dollars.

On Friday, August 26th 1990, the process of exchanging prisoners between the two governments of the Islamic Republic of Iran and Iraq began and ended after a few days.

Iraq's imposed war on Iran(second stage)

2024-04-19T14:52:08Z

M-samiei:

The second stage of Iraq's imposed war against Iran, the pursuit of the aggressor started from the beginning of July 1982 and ended until April 15th, 1988.

Iran's armed forces, who now saw the enemy in a passive position, sought to punish the intruder inside Iraqi territory based on four strategies:

1. Making Iraqi forces retreat from Iran's borders and securing the western regions of the country.

2. Cutting off the north-south communication route of Iraq, capturing Basra and cutting off Iraq's connection with the Persian Gulf.

3. Seizing oil-rich and important cities in northern Iraq such as Kirkuk and Sulaymaniyah.

4. Moving towards Baghdad and overthrowing Saddam Hussein's regime.

However, the failure of major operations such as Ramadan (July 12th 1982) in the east of Basra, Pre- Fajr (February 5th 1982) in Fakka, Fajr One (April 9th 1983) in the north of Fakka, Kheybar (February 21st 1983) Badr (February 10th 1984) in Hur-ol-Hoveyze, Badr caused the Iranian military strategists to dispute with each other. In the meantime, some wanted to continue the war until the fall of Saddam Hussein, but others believed that after a great victory and the occupation of a sensitive area of Iraqi territory, the war should end. These failures, of course, caused another problem, and that was the emergence of differences between the commanders of the army and the Revolutionary Guards; In such a way that each commander determined to plan and implement the the operation separately.

== February 1985 ==
In February 1985, Iran's armed forces during the military operation called Valfajr 8 captured the strategic harbor Fav, and in this way, Iraq was deprived of its only coast in the Persian Gulf.

== January 1986 ==
A year later during the 5th Karbala operation, Shalamche area in Iraqi territory was attacked by Iran with the aim of threatening the city of Basra, which did not bring complete victory. Iran's military planners, who considered it difficult and expensive to continue operations in the south due to Iraq's knowledge of all available operational solutions and the lack of opportunities to surprise the enemy, focused on the northwest of the country to increase their chances of capturing important targets in that area, and to drag a part of the enemy's forces to the northern front.

== The beginning of 1987 to the end of April 1988 ==
Therefore, from the beginning of 1987 to the end of April 1988, major operations such as Karbala 10 (April 13th 1987) in the general area of Mavoot, Iraq, Beyt-ol-Moghaddas 2 (January 14th 1987) in Mavoot, Wal-Fajr 10 (March 14th 1987) were implemented in Halabche, Iraq. These operations did not produce good and permanent results due to the extensive use of chemical bombs and explosives by Iraqis even though some cities of Kurdish Iraq too were seized by our forces. In this situation, although the war was followed in the geography of Iraq, but by expanding the war to the Persian Gulf and the cities of Iran, Iraq had greatly increased the vulnerability of Iran in the war<ref>Azadegan Scientific Council. (2019). Azadegan Encyclopedia: Iranian prisoners freed in the war between Iraq and Iran. Tehran: Institute of Humanities and Cultural Studies; Azadegan's message</ref>.

== See also ==

* [[Iraq's imposed war on Iran]]

* [[Iraq's imposed war on Iran(first stage)]]

* [[Iraq's imposed war on Iran(third level)]]

== Bibliography ==
[[fa:جنگ تحمیلی عراق علیه ایران(مرحله دوم)]]
<references />Mustafa Rahimi

Iraq's imposed war on Iran(second stage)

2024-04-19T14:48:23Z

M-samiei:

Iraq's imposed war on Iran(second stage)

2024-04-19T14:47:04Z

M-samiei:

Iraq's imposed war on Iran(second stage)

2024-04-19T14:45:19Z

M-samiei:

The second stage, chasing the Intruder (from the beginning of July 1982 to April 15th, 1988)

Iran's armed forces, who now saw the enemy in a passive position, sought to punish the intruder inside Iraqi territory based on four strategies:

1. Making Iraqi forces retreat from Iran's borders and securing the western regions of the country.

2. Cutting off the north-south communication route of Iraq, capturing Basra and cutting off Iraq's connection with the Persian Gulf.

3. Seizing oil-rich and important cities in northern Iraq such as Kirkuk and Sulaymaniyah.

4. Moving towards Baghdad and overthrowing Saddam Hussein's regime.

However, the failure of major operations such as Ramadan (July 12th 1982) in the east of Basra, Pre- Fajr (February 5th 1982) in Fakka, Fajr One (April 9th 1983) in the north of Fakka, Kheybar (February 21st 1983) Badr (February 10th 1984) in Hur-ol-Hoveyze, Badr caused the Iranian military strategists to dispute with each other. In the meantime, some wanted to continue the war until the fall of Saddam Hussein, but others believed that after a great victory and the occupation of a sensitive area of Iraqi territory, the war should end. These failures, of course, caused another problem, and that was the emergence of differences between the commanders of the army and the Revolutionary Guards; In such a way that each commander determined to plan and implement the the operation separately.

== February 1985 ==
In February 1985, Iran's armed forces during the military operation called Valfajr 8 captured the strategic harbor Fav, and in this way, Iraq was deprived of its only coast in the Persian Gulf.

== January 1986 ==
A year later during the 5th Karbala operation, Shalamche area in Iraqi territory was attacked by Iran with the aim of threatening the city of Basra, which did not bring complete victory. Iran's military planners, who considered it difficult and expensive to continue operations in the south due to Iraq's knowledge of all available operational solutions and the lack of opportunities to surprise the enemy, focused on the northwest of the country to increase their chances of capturing important targets in that area, and to drag a part of the enemy's forces to the northern front.

== The beginning of 1987 to the end of April 1988 ==
Therefore, from the beginning of 1987 to the end of April 1988, major operations such as Karbala 10 (April 13th 1987) in the general area of Mavoot, Iraq, Beyt-ol-Moghaddas 2 (January 14th 1987) in Mavoot, Wal-Fajr 10 (March 14th 1987) were implemented in Halabche, Iraq. These operations did not produce good and permanent results due to the extensive use of chemical bombs and explosives by Iraqis even though some cities of Kurdish Iraq too were seized by our forces. In this situation, although the war was followed in the geography of Iraq, but by expanding the war to the Persian Gulf and the cities of Iran, Iraq had greatly increased the vulnerability of Iran in the war<ref>Azadegan Scientific Council. (2019). Azadegan Encyclopedia: Iranian prisoners freed in the war between Iraq and Iran. Tehran: Institute of Humanities and Cultural Studies; Azadegan's message</ref>.

== See also ==

* [[Iraq's imposed war on Iran]]

* [[Iraq's imposed war on Iran(first stage)]]

* [[Iraq's imposed war on Iran(third level)]]

== Bibliography ==

Iraq's imposed war on Iran(second stage)

2024-04-19T14:37:58Z

M-samiei: Created page with "The second stage, chasing the Intruder (from the beginning of July 1982 to April 15th, 1988) Iran's armed forces, who now saw the enemy in a passive position, sought to punish the intruder inside Iraqi territory based on four strategies: 1. Making Iraqi forces retreat from Iran's borders and securing the western regions of the country. 2. Cutting off the north-south communication route of Iraq, capturing Basra and cutting off Iraq's connection with the Pers..."

The second stage, chasing the Intruder (from the beginning of July 1982 to April 15th, 1988)

Iran's armed forces, who now saw the enemy in a passive position, sought to punish the intruder inside Iraqi territory based on four strategies:

1. Making Iraqi forces retreat from Iran's borders and securing the western regions of the country.

2. Cutting off the north-south communication route of Iraq, capturing Basra and cutting off Iraq's connection with the Persian Gulf.

3. Seizing oil-rich and important cities in northern Iraq such as Kirkuk and Sulaymaniyah.

4. Moving towards Baghdad and overthrowing Saddam Hussein's regime.

However, the failure of major operations such as Ramadan (July 12th 1982) in the east of Basra, Pre- Fajr (February 5th 1982) in Fakka, Fajr One (April 9th 1983) in the north of Fakka, Kheybar (February 21st 1983) Badr (February 10th 1984) in Hur-ol-Hoveyze, Badr caused the Iranian military strategists to dispute with each other. In the meantime, some wanted to continue the war until the fall of Saddam Hussein, but others believed that after a great victory and the occupation of a sensitive area of Iraqi territory, the war should end. These failures, of course, caused another problem, and that was the emergence of differences between the commanders of the army and the Revolutionary Guards; In such a way that each commander determined to plan and implement the the operation separately.

In February 1985, Iran's armed forces during the military operation called Valfajr 8 captured the strategic harbor Fav, and in this way, Iraq was deprived of its only coast in the Persian Gulf. A year later during the 5th Karbala operation, Shalamche area in Iraqi territory was attacked by Iran with the aim of threatening the city of Basra, which did not bring complete victory. Iran's military planners, who considered it difficult and expensive to continue operations in the south due to Iraq's knowledge of all available operational solutions and the lack of opportunities to surprise the enemy, focused on the northwest of the country to increase their chances of capturing important targets in that area, and to drag a part of the enemy's forces to the northern front. Therefore, from the beginning of 1987 to the end of April 1988, major operations such as Karbala 10 (April 13th 1987) in the general area of Mavoot, Iraq, Beyt-ol-Moghaddas 2 (January 14th 1987) in Mavoot, Wal-Fajr 10 (March 14th 1987) were implemented in Halabche, Iraq. These operations did not produce good and permanent results due to the extensive use of chemical bombs and explosives by Iraqis even though some cities of Kurdish Iraq too were seized by our forces. In this situation, although the war was followed in the geography of Iraq, but by expanding the war to the Persian Gulf and the cities of Iran, Iraq had greatly increased the vulnerability of Iran in the war.

Iraq's imposed war on Iran(first stage)

2024-04-19T14:35:30Z

M-samiei:

The first stage of Iraq's imposed war against Iran, from the invasion to the retreat of Iraq, starts on 21st of September 1980 and ends at the end of June 1982.

The Iraqi military planners had imagined that Iran's weakened army, the political and social chaos caused by the revolutionary developments, the Arab stock of the people of Khuzestan, and international support would ensure a quick and easy advance for them. But due to the scattered resistance of the armed forces and of course the resistance of the Iranian people, the Iraqi army was only able to maintain its aggressive posture for a month and a half and then it stopped.

== Occupied cities ==
At this stage, the cities of Naft Shahr, Qasr Shirin, Mehran, Somar, Bostan, Hoveyze, Khorramshahr, Musian, Nosud, Feke region and more than 3,000 villages were captured by Iraq and 13,600 square kilometers of Iranian territory were occupied. In this invasion, although a part of western Khuzestan fell into the hands of the enemy, Iraq could not capture important cities such as Abadan, Dezful, Shush and Ahvaz, as well as the oil refineries of Khuzestan.

After the Iraqi attacks stopped, the army planned and implemented four large-scale operations during the first four months of the war, with the aim of destroying the enemy and recapturing the occupied territories, but none of the mentioned operations were implemented.

== The four operations of the first stage ==
With the beginning of the second year of the war and the strong presence of the IRGC alongside the army, four major operations were planned and executed by these two forces; The operations that finally led to the complete liberation of the occupied territories, were:

1. Samen-ol Aeme operation (north of Abadan) on September 22nd 1981

2. Operation Tariq al-Quds (general area of Bostan) on November 28th 1981

3. Operation of Fatah ol-Mobin (west of Shush and Dezful) on March 21st 1982

4. Beyt-ol Moghaddas operation (Khorramshahr general area) on April 29th 1982.

== Liberation in operation ==
In these four operations, more than 8500 square kilometers of the occupied lands were liberated . After the liberation of Khorramshahr, the Iraqi army suggested a ceasefire while voluntarily withdrawing from some other occupied territories. But Iran, which still saw 2,500 square kilometers of its land under the control of the enemy, rejected this proposal<ref>Azadegan Scientific Council. (2019). Azadegan Encyclopedia: Iranian prisoners freed in the war between Iraq and Iran. Tehran: Institute of Humanities and Cultural Studies; Azadegan's message</ref>.

== See also ==

* [[Iraq's imposed war on Iran]]

== Bibliography ==
[[fa:جنگ تحمیلی عراق علیه ایران(مرحله اول)]]